NIVA (Norwegian Institute for Water Research), Gaustadalléen 21, 0342 Oslo, Norway.
NIVA (Norwegian Institute for Water Research), Gaustadalléen 21, 0342 Oslo, Norway.
Environ Int. 2015 Aug;81:87-97. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.013. Epub 2015 May 25.
China is one of the largest producers and consumers of pesticides in the world today. Along with the widespread use of pesticides and industrialization, there is a growing concern for water quality. The present review aims to provide an overview of studies on pesticides in aquatic environments in China. The levels in the water, sediment and biota were scored according to a detailed environmental classification system based on ecotoxicological effect, which is therefore a useful tool for assessing the risk these compounds pose to the aquatic ecosystem. Our review reveals that the most studied areas in China are the most populated and the most developed economically and that the most frequently studied pesticides are DDT and HCH. We show maps of where studies have been conducted and show the ecotoxicological risk the pesticides pose in each of the matrices. Our review pinpoints the need for biota samples to assess the risk. A large fraction of the results from the studies are given an environmental classification of "very bad" based on levels in biota. In general, the risk is higher for DDT than HCH. A few food web studies have also been conducted, and we encourage further study of this important information from this region. The review reveals that many of the most important agricultural provinces (e.g., Henan, Hubei and Hunan) with the largest pesticide use have been the subject of few studies on the environmental levels of pesticides. We consider this to be a major knowledge gap for understanding the status of pesticide contamination and related risk in China. Furthermore, there is also a lack of studies in remote Chinese environments, which is also an important knowledge gap. The compounds analyzed and reported in the studies represent a serious bias because a great deal of attention is given to DDT and HCH, whereas the organophosphate insecticides dominating current use are less frequently investigated. For the future, we point to the need for an organized monitoring plan designed according to the knowledge gaps in terms of geographical distribution, compounds included, and risks.
中国是当今世界上最大的农药生产国和消费国之一。随着农药的广泛使用和工业化的发展，人们越来越关注水质。本综述旨在概述中国水生环境中农药的研究情况。根据基于生态毒理学效应的详细环境分类系统，对水、沉积物和生物群中的水平进行了评分，因此这是评估这些化合物对水生生态系统构成的风险的有用工具。我们的综述表明，中国研究最多的地区是人口最多、经济最发达的地区，研究最多的农药是滴滴涕和六氯环己烷。我们绘制了进行研究的地点地图，并展示了这些农药在各个矩阵中造成的生态毒性风险。我们的综述指出需要进行生物群样本评估来评估风险。根据生物群中的水平，研究结果中有很大一部分被归类为“非常差”的环境分类。一般来说，滴滴涕的风险高于六氯环己烷。也进行了一些食物网研究，我们鼓励进一步研究该地区的这一重要信息。综述表明，许多最重要的农业省份（如河南、湖北和湖南）使用了大量农药，但对这些省份的农药环境水平的研究很少。我们认为这是了解中国农药污染和相关风险状况的一个主要知识空白。此外，中国偏远地区的研究也很缺乏，这也是一个重要的知识空白。研究中分析和报告的化合物存在严重的偏差，因为大量关注滴滴涕和六氯环己烷，而目前占主导地位的有机磷杀虫剂则较少被调查。未来，我们需要根据地理分布、包括的化合物和风险方面的知识空白，制定有组织的监测计划。
