Thomsen R, Edwards S A, Jensen B B, Rousing T, Sørensen J T
1Department of Animal Science,Aarhus University,Blichers Allé 20,PO Box 50,8830 Tjele,Denmark.
2School of Agriculture,Food & Rural Development Agriculture Building,Newcastle University,Newcastle-upon-Tyne,NE1 7RU,United Kingdom.
Animal. 2015 Sep;9(9):1587-96. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115000798. Epub 2015 May 20.
Production of entire male pigs could be a future strategy for organic pig production. However, production of entire males leads to increased risk of carcasses with elevated boar taint levels. It is hypothesized that skatole levels in pig meat are affected by faecal soiling and that organic housing facilities can increase the risk of pigs being heavily soiled. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to investigate if increased pig and pen soiling increases skatole concentration in entire male pigs. In five herds, 1174 organic entire male pigs were reared in four batches across two seasons, summer and winter. Measurements of pig and pen soiling, as well as fat skatole and androstenone concentration and human nose sensory tests of fat odour, were performed. Skatole and androstenone concentrations varied greatly within and between herds with a 10% and 90% percentile for the overall population of 0.02 and 2.25 µg/g for skatole and 0.53 and 4.84 µg/g for androstenone. Human nose positive tests averaged 18.3% with great variation between herds and seasons. Pen soiling had significant effects on pig soiling. Moreover, outdoor pen soiling significantly affected skatole concentration in interactions with herd and season (P<0.001 and P=0.003) and affected human nose positive risk in interaction with herd (P=0.005). Soiling on indoor pen areas did not affect skatole levels and no effect on androstenone was found for any pen area. Soiling of pigs affected both skatole and androstenone levels, with the size of the head and abdomen body areas covered in manure showing significant positive effects on skatole concentration. No effect of density of the manure layer was found on either boar taint measure. Herd significantly affected both skatole and androstenone in fat as well as the human nose positive risk. The human nose test revealed no effect from pig soiling. A large variation in the different boar taint measures was found for both high and low scores of pen and pig soiling, and only a small difference in skatole and androstenone concentrations between the high and low soiling categories was found. Therefore, while increasing the hygiene management could be a strategy for reducing boar taint in production of organic entire male pigs, it should be emphasized that other factors would also need to be considered.
养殖完整雄性猪可能是有机猪生产的未来策略。然而，养殖完整雄性猪会增加猪胴体中粪臭素水平升高的风险。据推测，猪肉中的粪臭素水平受粪便污染影响，且有机养殖设施会增加猪被严重污染的风险。因此，本研究的总体目标是调查猪和猪栏污染增加是否会提高完整雄性猪体内的粪臭素浓度。在五个猪群中，1174头有机完整雄性猪分四批在夏季和冬季两个季节饲养。对猪和猪栏的污染情况、脂肪中粪臭素和雄烯酮浓度以及脂肪气味的人体嗅觉感官测试进行了测量。不同猪群之间以及同一猪群内部，粪臭素和雄烯酮浓度差异很大，总体猪群的第10百分位数和第90百分位数分别为：粪臭素0.02和2.25 µg/g，雄烯酮0.53和4.84 µg/g。人体嗅觉阳性测试平均为18.3%，不同猪群和季节之间差异很大。猪栏污染对猪的污染有显著影响。此外，室外猪栏污染在与猪群和季节的相互作用中对粪臭素浓度有显著影响（P<0.001和P=0.003），在与猪群的相互作用中对人体嗅觉阳性风险有影响（P=0.005）。室内猪栏区域的污染对粪臭素水平没有影响，且未发现任何猪栏区域的污染对雄烯酮有影响。猪的污染对粪臭素和雄烯酮水平均有影响，猪身上被粪便覆盖的头部和腹部区域大小对粪臭素浓度有显著正向影响。未发现粪便层密度对任何一种公猪异味指标有影响。猪群对脂肪中的粪臭素和雄烯酮以及人体嗅觉阳性风险均有显著影响。人体嗅觉测试未发现猪的污染有影响。对于猪栏和猪污染的高分和低分情况，不同公猪异味指标的差异都很大，且高污染类别和低污染类别之间的粪臭素和雄烯酮浓度差异很小。因此，虽然加强卫生管理可能是减少有机完整雄性猪生产中公猪异味的一种策略，但应强调还需要考虑其他因素。
