Miller J A, Chamberlain W F
J Econ Entomol. 1989 Oct;82(5):1375-8. doi: 10.1093/jee/82.5.1375.
Effects of azadirachtin, a triterpenoid extracted from neem seed, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., were similar to those of insect growth regulators against the immature stages of the born fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and the house fly, Musca domestica L. When an ethanolic extract of ground seed was blended into cow manure, LC50 and LC90's for larval horn flies were 0.096 and 0.133 ppm azadirachtin, respectively. An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) had an LC50 for larval horn flies of 0.151 ppm and an LC90 of 0.268 ppm. For larval stable flies, the EC formulation had an LC50 of 7.7 ppm and an LC90 of 18.7 ppm azadirachtin in manure. Against larval house flies, the LC50 and LC90 were 10.5 and 20.2 ppm, respectively. When the EC formulation was administered orally to cattle at a rate of greater than or equal to 0.03 mg azadirachtin per kg of body weight per day or when ground neem seed was given as a daily supplement of greater than or equal to 10 mg seed per kg body weight, horn fly development in the manure was almost completely inhibited. In contrast, ground seed mixed in cattle feed at the rate of 100-400 mg seed per kg of body weight per day caused less than 50% inhibition of stable flies in the manure.
从印楝种子（印楝，Azadirachta indica A. Juss.）中提取的三萜类化合物印楝素，对牛虻（Haematobia irritans (L.)）、厩螫蝇（Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)）和家蝇（Musca domestica L.）未成熟阶段的作用与昆虫生长调节剂相似。当将磨碎种子的乙醇提取物混入牛粪中时，对幼虫角蝇的LC50和LC90分别为0.096 ppm和0.133 ppm印楝素。一种乳油（EC）对角蝇幼虫的LC50为0.151 ppm，LC90为0.268 ppm。对于厩螫蝇幼虫，该EC制剂在牛粪中的LC50为7.7 ppm印楝素，LC90为18.7 ppm。对家蝇幼虫而言，LC50和LC90分别为10.5 ppm和20.2 ppm。当以每天每千克体重大于或等于0.03毫克印楝素的剂量将EC制剂口服给牛时，或者当以每天每千克体重大于或等于10毫克种子的量给予磨碎的印楝种子作为日常补充时，牛粪中角蝇的发育几乎完全受到抑制。相比之下，以每天每千克体重100 - 400毫克种子的比例将磨碎的种子混入牛饲料中，对牛粪中厩螫蝇的抑制作用小于50%。
