Adrion Jeffrey R, Hahn Matthew W, Cooper Brandon S
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
Trends Genet. 2015 Aug;31(8):434-44. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.05.006. Epub 2015 Jun 10.
Adaptation to spatially varying environments has been studied for decades, but advances in sequencing technology are now enabling researchers to investigate the landscape of genetic variation underlying this adaptation genome wide. In this review we highlight some of the decades-long research on local adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster from well-studied clines in North America and Australia. We explore the evidence for parallel adaptation and identify commonalities in the genes responding to clinal selection across continents as well as discussing instances where patterns differ among clines. We also investigate recent studies utilizing whole-genome data to identify clines in D. melanogaster and several other systems. Although connecting segregating genomic variation to variation in phenotypes and fitness remains challenging, clinal genomics is poised to increase our understanding of local adaptation and the selective pressures that drive the extensive phenotypic diversity observed in nature.
数十年来，人们一直在研究对空间变化环境的适应性，但测序技术的进步如今使研究人员能够在全基因组范围内研究这种适应性背后的遗传变异格局。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了几十年来对黑腹果蝇局部适应性的研究，这些研究来自北美和澳大利亚经过充分研究的渐变群。我们探讨了平行适应性的证据，确定了各大洲对渐变选择作出反应的基因中的共性，并讨论了不同渐变群中模式不同的情况。我们还研究了利用全基因组数据来识别黑腹果蝇和其他几个系统中的渐变群的近期研究。尽管将分离的基因组变异与表型和适应性变异联系起来仍然具有挑战性，但渐变群基因组学有望增进我们对局部适应性以及驱动自然界中广泛表型多样性的选择压力的理解。
