Armstrong D M
Ciba Found Symp. 1979(69):235-53. doi: 10.1002/9780470720523.ch13.
It is useful to distinguish three senses of the word 'consciousness'. 'Minimal' consciousness is the occurrence of any mental activity, whether or not the subject is aware of this activity. 'Perceptual' consciousness is perceptual activity. Minimal and perceptual consciousness may be present, yet 'introspective' consciousness be lacking. Introspective consciousness is conceived as it was by Locke and Kant: as perception-like awareness of the subject's own current mental states and activities. It includes introspective consciousness of introspective consciousness itself. A useful model for demystifying and naturalizing introspective consciousness is the subject's proprioceptive awareness of bodily states and activities. Introspective consciousness may be further subdivided into 'reflex' introspective consciousness and 'introspection proper'. The distinction is one of degree: the degree of attention involved. We attach a quite special importance to introspective consciousness and are particularly unwilling to identify it with a purely physical process in the brain. It is suggested, however, that this springs from (a) the fact that what is introspected is taken to be a state or activity of a single thing, the self; and (b) the fact that event-memory is generally only possible if the event remembered was the object of introspective consciousness at the time. Without introspective consciousness, therefore, awareness of a self and the past history of that self is lacking.
区分“意识”一词的三种含义是很有用的。“最低限度的”意识是指任何心理活动的发生，无论主体是否意识到这种活动。“感知的”意识是指感知活动。最低限度的意识和感知意识可能存在，但“内省的”意识可能缺乏。内省意识的概念与洛克和康德所设想的一样：是对主体自身当前心理状态和活动的类似感知的意识。它包括对内省意识本身的内省意识。一个用于消除内省意识的神秘性并使其自然化的有用模型是主体对身体状态和活动的本体感受意识。内省意识可以进一步细分为“反射性”内省意识和“真正的”内省。这种区别是程度上的：涉及的注意力程度。我们赋予内省意识一种非常特殊的重要性，尤其不愿意将其与大脑中的纯粹物理过程等同起来。然而，有人认为，这源于以下两点：(a) 被内省的东西被认为是单个事物即自我的一种状态或活动；(b) 一般来说，只有当被记住的事件当时是内省意识的对象时，事件记忆才有可能。因此，没有内省意识，就缺乏对自我以及该自我过去历史的意识。
