Abad-Franch Fernando, Lima Marli M, Sarquis Otília, Gurgel-Gonçalves Rodrigo, Sánchez-Martín María, Calzada José, Saldaña Azael, Monteiro Fernando A, Palomeque Francisco S, Santos Walter S, Angulo Victor M, Esteban Lyda, Dias Fernando B S, Diotaiuti Liléia, Bar María Esther, Gottdenker Nicole L
Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz, Rua Teresina 476, Manaus 69057-070, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou - Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Acta Trop. 2015 Nov;151:126-41. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.005. Epub 2015 Jul 18.
Palms are ubiquitous across Neotropical landscapes, from pristine forests or savannahs to large cities. Although palms provide useful ecosystem services, they also offer suitable habitat for triatomines and for Trypanosoma cruzi mammalian hosts. Wild triatomines often invade houses by flying from nearby palms, potentially leading to new cases of human Chagas disease. Understanding and predicting triatomine-palm associations and palm infestation probabilities is important for enhancing Chagas disease prevention in areas where palm-associated vectors transmit T. cruzi. We present a comprehensive overview of palm infestation by triatomines in the Americas, combining a thorough reanalysis of our published and unpublished records with an in-depth review of the literature. We use site-occupancy modeling (SOM) to examine infestation in 3590 palms sampled with non-destructive methods, and standard statistics to describe and compare infestation in 2940 palms sampled by felling-and-dissection. Thirty-eight palm species (18 genera) have been reported to be infested by ∼39 triatomine species (10 genera) from the USA to Argentina. Overall infestation varied from 49.1-55.3% (SOM) to 62.6-66.1% (dissection), with important heterogeneities among sub-regions and particularly among palm species. Large palms with complex crowns (e.g., Attalea butyracea, Acrocomia aculeata) and some medium-crowned palms (e.g., Copernicia, Butia) are often infested; in slender, small-crowned palms (e.g., Euterpe) triatomines associate with vertebrate nests. Palm infestation tends to be higher in rural settings, but urban palms can also be infested. Most Rhodnius species are probably true palm specialists, whereas Psammolestes, Eratyrus, Cavernicola, Panstrongylus, Triatoma, Alberprosenia, and some Bolboderini seem to use palms opportunistically. Palms provide extensive habitat for enzootic T. cruzi cycles and a critical link between wild cycles and transmission to humans. Unless effective means to reduce contact between people and palm-living triatomines are devised, palms will contribute to maintaining long-term and widespread, albeit possibly low-intensity, transmission of human Chagas disease.
棕榈树在新热带地区随处可见，从原始森林或热带草原到大城市都有它们的身影。尽管棕榈树提供了有益的生态系统服务，但它们也为锥蝽和克氏锥虫的哺乳动物宿主提供了适宜的栖息地。野生锥蝽常常从附近的棕榈树上飞到房屋中，这可能会导致人类感染恰加斯病的新病例。了解和预测锥蝽与棕榈树的关联以及棕榈树受侵染的概率，对于在棕榈树相关病媒传播克氏锥虫的地区加强恰加斯病的预防至关重要。我们结合对已发表和未发表记录的全面重新分析以及对文献的深入综述，对美洲地区锥蝽对棕榈树的侵染情况进行了全面概述。我们使用位点占有率模型（SOM）来研究用非破坏性方法采样的3590棵棕榈树的侵染情况，并使用标准统计方法来描述和比较通过砍伐和解剖采样的2940棵棕榈树的侵染情况。从美国到阿根廷，已有报道称约39种锥蝽（分属10个属）侵染了38种棕榈树（分属18个属）。总体侵染率从49.1% - 55.3%（位点占有率模型）到62.6% - 66.1%（解剖法）不等，不同子区域之间，尤其是不同棕榈树种之间存在重要差异。树冠复杂的大型棕榈树（如油棕、刺葵）和一些中等树冠的棕榈树（如扇叶棕榈属、布蒂亚棕榈属）常常受到侵染；在树冠细长的小型棕榈树（如艾氏棕属）中，锥蝽与脊椎动物巢穴有关联。农村地区棕榈树的侵染率往往较高，但城市中的棕榈树也可能受到侵染。大多数红带锥蝽属物种可能是真正的棕榈树专家，而沙锥蝽属、艾氏锥蝽属、洞穴锥蝽属、潘氏锥蝽属、锥蝽属、阿尔贝锥蝽属以及一些博尔博德锥蝽亚族似乎是机会性地利用棕榈树。棕榈树为克氏锥虫的动物疫源循环提供了广阔的栖息地，并且是野生循环与向人类传播之间的关键环节。除非想出有效的方法来减少人类与栖息在棕榈树上的锥蝽的接触，否则棕榈树将有助于维持恰加斯病在人类中的长期广泛传播，尽管传播强度可能较低。
