Pirotta Enrico, Lusseau David
Ecol Appl. 2015 Apr;25(3):729-41. doi: 10.1890/14-0986.1.
The nonlethal effects of wildlife tourism can threaten the conservation status of targeted animal populations. In turn, such resource depletion can compromise the economic viability of the industry. Therefore, wildlife tourism exploits resources that can become common pool and that should be managed accordingly. We used a simulation approach to test whether different management regimes (tax, tax and subsidy, cap, cap and trade) could provide socioecologically sustainable solutions. Such schemes are sensitive to errors in estimated management targets. We determined the sensitivity of each scenario to various realistic uncertainties in management implementation and in our knowledge of the population. Scenarios where time quotas were enforced using a tax and subsidy approach, or they were traded between operators were more likely to be sustainable. Importantly, sustainability could be achieved even when operators were assumed to make simple rational economic decisions. We suggest that a combination of the two regimes might offer a robust solution, especially on a small spatial scale and under the control of a self-organized, operator-level institution. Our simulation platform could be parameterized to mimic local conditions and provide a test bed for experimenting different governance solutions in specific case studies.
野生动物旅游的非致命影响可能会威胁到目标动物种群的保护状况。反过来，这种资源枯竭可能会损害该行业的经济可行性。因此，野生动物旅游开发的资源可能会成为公共资源，需要进行相应管理。我们采用模拟方法来测试不同的管理制度（税收、税收与补贴、配额、配额与交易）是否能提供社会生态可持续的解决方案。这类方案对估计管理目标中的误差很敏感。我们确定了每种方案对管理实施过程中以及我们对种群了解方面各种现实不确定性的敏感性。采用税收与补贴方法执行时间配额的方案，或者在经营者之间进行交易的方案，更有可能实现可持续性。重要的是，即使假设经营者做出简单的理性经济决策，也能够实现可持续性。我们建议，将这两种制度结合起来可能会提供一个稳健的解决方案，特别是在小空间尺度上且在一个自组织的经营者层面机构的控制之下。我们的模拟平台可以进行参数设置以模拟当地情况，并为在具体案例研究中试验不同的治理解决方案提供一个试验平台。
