Fludarabine and treosulfan compared with other reduced-intensity conditioning regimens for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with lymphoid malignancies.

Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) is a potentially curative therapy for lymphoid malignancies. Myeloablative conditioning is associated with high non-relapse mortality (NRM). Reduced-intensity condition (RIC) reduces NRM but relapse rate is increased. Novel regimens with intensive anti-malignancy activity but limited toxicity are of benefit. We evaluated outcomes of 144 lymphoma patients given allogeneic SCT with RIC consisting of fludarabine and treosulfan (FT, n=50), intravenous-busulfan (FB2, n=38) or melphalan (FM, n=56). Sixty-nine patients (48%) had chemo-sensitive disease and 75 (52%) had chemo-refractory disease at SCT. The median follow-up is 39 months (4-149). Three-year survival was 67, 74 and 48% after FT, FB2 and FM, in chemo-sensitive disease (P=0.14) and 34, 11 and 17% in chemo-refractory disease, respectively (P=0.08). Three-year NRM was 24, 24 and 54% (P=0.002), whereas relapse mortality was 22, 34 and 18%, respectively (P=0.13). Multivariate analysis identified a high comorbidity-score, chemo-refractory disease and FM as associated with shortened survival. In conclusion, FB2 is associated with low NRM and good results in chemo-sensitive disease, but with higher relapse mortality rates. FM controls disease better, but with high NRM. FT probably balances these outcomes more optimally. It is as safe as FB2 and as cytoreductive as FM, resulting in improved outcome, mostly in advanced disease.