Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Dec 15;538:220-9. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.041. Epub 2015 Aug 24.
Fecal contamination of water is a worrying problem because it is associated with the transmission of enteric pathogenic microorganisms that can cause many infectious diseases. In this study, an environmental survey was conducted to assess the level of viral contamination by viable enterovirus and rotavirus genome in two recreational rivers (Suquía and Xanaes) of Córdoba, Argentina. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was calculated to estimate the risk of rotavirus infection. Water sampling was carried out during a one-year period, the presence of total and fecal coliforms was determined and water samples were then concentrated for viral determination. Cell culture and indirect immunofluorescence were applied for enterovirus detection and RT-qPCR for rotavirus quantification. Coliform bacteria levels found in Suquía River often far exceeded the guideline limits for recreational waters. The Xanaes exhibited a lower level of bacterial contamination, frequently within the guideline limits. Enterovirus and rotavirus were frequently detected in the monitoring rivers (percentage of positive samples in Suquía: 78.6% enterovirus, 100% rotavirus; in Xanaes: 87.5% enterovirus, 18.7% rotavirus). Rotavirus was detected at a media concentration of 5.7×10(5) genome copies/L (gc/L) in the Suquía and 8.5×10(0)gc/L in the Xanaes. QMRA revealed high risk of rotavirus infection in the Suquía, at sampling points with acceptable and non-acceptable bacteria numbers. The Xanaes showed significantly lower health risk of rotavirus infection but it proved to be a public health hazard. The viral occurrence was not readily explained by the levels of bacteria indicators, thus viral monitoring should be included to determine microbiological water quality. These findings provide the first data of QMRA for recreational waters in Argentina and reveal the need for public awareness of the health implications of the use of the river waters.
水环境污染是一个令人担忧的问题，因为它与肠道致病性微生物的传播有关，这些微生物会导致许多传染病。在这项研究中，对阿根廷科尔多瓦的两条娱乐性河流（Suquía 和 Xanaes）中的病毒污染水平进行了环境调查，评估了肠道病毒和轮状病毒基因组的污染程度。定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）用于估计轮状病毒感染的风险。在为期一年的时间里进行了水样采集，测定了总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群的存在，然后对水样进行浓缩以进行病毒检测。细胞培养和间接免疫荧光法用于肠道病毒检测，实时定量 PCR 用于轮状病毒定量。Suquía 河的大肠菌群水平经常远远超过娱乐用水的指导限值。Xanaes 的细菌污染水平较低，经常在指导限值内。监测河流中经常检测到肠道病毒和轮状病毒（Suquía 的阳性样本百分比：78.6%肠道病毒，100%轮状病毒；Xanaes：87.5%肠道病毒，18.7%轮状病毒）。Suquía 河中检测到轮状病毒的平均浓度为 5.7×10(5)基因组拷贝/升（gc/L），Xanaes 中为 8.5×10(0)gc/L。QMRA 显示，在 Suquía 的采样点，即使大肠菌群数量在可接受和不可接受范围内，轮状病毒感染的风险也很高。Xanaes 显示轮状病毒感染的健康风险明显较低，但仍存在公共卫生危害。病毒的发生不能简单地用细菌指标的水平来解释，因此应进行病毒监测以确定微生物水质。这些发现为阿根廷娱乐用水的 QMRA 提供了第一批数据，并揭示了公众对使用河流水可能带来的健康影响的认识的必要性。
