Malli Melina A, Forrester-Jones Rachel, Murphy Glynis
Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Kent, UK.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;25(2):127-39. doi: 10.1007/s00787-015-0761-x. Epub 2015 Aug 28.
Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a childhood onset neurodevelopmental disorder, characterised by tics. To our knowledge, no systematic reviews exist which focus on examining the body of literature on stigma in association with children and adolescents with TS. The aim of the article is to provide a review of the existing research on (1) social stigma in relation to children and adolescents with TS, (2) self-stigma and (3) courtesy stigma in family members of youth with TS. Three electronic databases were searched: PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science. Seventeen empirical studies met the inclusion criteria. In relation to social stigma in rating their own beliefs and behavioural intentions, youth who did not have TS showed an unfavourable attitude towards individuals with TS in comparison to typically developing peers. Meanwhile, in their own narratives about their lives, young people with TS themselves described some form of devaluation from others as a response to their disorder. Self-degrading comments were denoted in a number of studies in which the children pointed out stereotypical views that they had adopted about themselves. Finally, as regards courtesy stigma, parents expressed guilt in relation to their children's condition and social alienation as a result of the disorder. Surprisingly, however, there is not one study that focuses primarily on stigma in relation to TS and further studies that examine the subject from the perspective of both the 'stigmatiser' and the recipient of stigma are warranted.
图雷特综合征（TS）是一种起病于儿童期的神经发育障碍，以抽动为特征。据我们所知，目前尚无系统综述聚焦于研究与患有图雷特综合征的儿童和青少年相关的污名化文献。本文的目的是对现有关于以下方面的研究进行综述：（1）与患有图雷特综合征的儿童和青少年相关的社会污名；（2）自我污名；（3）患有图雷特综合征的青少年家庭成员的礼貌性污名。我们检索了三个电子数据库：心理学文摘数据库（PsycINFO）、医学期刊数据库（PubMed）和科学引文索引数据库（Web of Science）。十七项实证研究符合纳入标准。关于社会污名，在评价自己的信念和行为意图时，与发育正常的同龄人相比，未患图雷特综合征的青少年对患有图雷特综合征的个体表现出不利态度。与此同时，在他们自己关于生活的叙述中，患有图雷特综合征的年轻人描述了他人因他们的病症而表现出的某种形式的贬低。在一些研究中提到了自我贬低的言论，其中孩子们指出了他们对自己形成的刻板印象。最后，关于礼貌性污名，父母对孩子的病情表示内疚，并因这种病症而感到社会疏离。然而，令人惊讶的是，没有一项研究主要关注与图雷特综合征相关的污名，因此有必要进一步开展从“污名施加者”和污名接受者双方角度审视该主题的研究。
