Anti-inflammatory interventions-what has worked, not worked, and what may work in the future.

Our Introductory Commentary relates to many topics that are linked to inflammatory responses and how these responses are regulated in order to promote healing of damaged tissues and bring about effective clearance of infectious agents. In non-infectious situations, cells and tissues release products (danger associated molecular patterns) that can trigger damaging inflammatory responses. These products must be effectively dealt with in order to avoid serious tissue injury. We provide a perspective about many decades of research into the inflammatory response and describe strategies that have achieved success in restraining inflammatory responses, as well as many approaches that have not been clinically effective. With development of new technologies such as advanced genomic analysis, highly sensitive and sophisticated mass spectrometry and related approaches, as well as the ability to employ mutagenesis induction, we are beginning to define highly sophisticated molecular pathways that previously were opaque. This progress may well have clinical relevance, and we may be on the edge of a scientific revolution in the broad area of inflammation.