Scheidegger Milan, Henning Anke, Walter Martin, Boeker Heinz, Weigand Anne, Seifritz Erich, Grimm Simone
Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Neuroimage. 2016 Jan 1;124(Pt A):8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.070. Epub 2015 Sep 5.
Cognition-emotion interaction in the brain can be investigated by incorporating stimuli with emotional content into cognitive tasks. Emotional stimuli in the context of a working memory (WM) task yield increased activation in WM-related lateral prefrontal regions, whereas cognitive effort enhances deactivation in emotion-related cortical midline regions. N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDA-Rs) are critically involved in WM, and NMDA-R antagonists, such as ketamine, accordingly affect WM but also have a profound impact on emotional processing, as underscored by the rapid reduction of depressive symptoms after administration of a single dose of ketamine. The effect of ketamine on both cognitive and emotional processing therefore makes it a useful tool to further explore cognition-emotion interaction in the brain. Twenty-three healthy subjects were administered ketamine to investigate whether its effects on WM performance and brain reactivity depend on emotional content or emotional valence of stimuli. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating how ketamine affects the integration of emotion and WM processes in emotion-related cortical midline regions and WM-related lateral prefrontal regions. Results show that ketamine modulates cognition-emotion interaction in the brain by inducing lateralized and valence-specific effects in emotion-related cortical midline regions, WM-related lateral prefrontal regions and insula. In emotion-related cortical midline regions ketamine abolishes enhancement of deactivation normally observed during cognitive effort, while in the right DLPFC and the left insula the previously described pattern of increased activation due to emotional content is abrogated exclusively for negative stimuli. Our data therefore shows a specific effect of ketamine on cognition-emotion interaction in the brain and indicates that its effect on amelioration of negative biases in MDD patients might be related to less interference of cognitive processing by negative emotional content.
通过将带有情感内容的刺激纳入认知任务，可以研究大脑中的认知 - 情感相互作用。在工作记忆（WM）任务背景下的情感刺激会使与WM相关的外侧前额叶区域激活增加，而认知努力会增强与情感相关的皮质中线区域的失活。N - 甲基 - D - 天冬氨酸谷氨酸受体（NMDA - Rs）在WM中起关键作用，因此NMDA - R拮抗剂，如氯胺酮，会影响WM，但对情感加工也有深远影响，单次服用氯胺酮后抑郁症状迅速减轻就突出了这一点。氯胺酮对认知和情感加工的影响使其成为进一步探索大脑中认知 - 情感相互作用的有用工具。对23名健康受试者施用氯胺酮，以研究其对WM表现和大脑反应性的影响是否取决于刺激的情感内容或情感效价。此外，我们旨在研究氯胺酮如何影响情感相关的皮质中线区域和WM相关的外侧前额叶区域中情感与WM过程的整合。结果表明，氯胺酮通过在情感相关的皮质中线区域、WM相关的外侧前额叶区域和脑岛中诱导侧化和效价特异性效应来调节大脑中的认知 - 情感相互作用。在情感相关的皮质中线区域，氯胺酮消除了通常在认知努力期间观察到的失活增强，而在右侧背外侧前额叶皮质（DLPFC）和左侧脑岛中，先前描述的由于情感内容导致的激活增加模式仅在负面刺激时被消除。因此，我们的数据显示了氯胺酮对大脑中认知 - 情感相互作用的特定影响，并表明其对改善重度抑郁症（MDD）患者负面偏差的作用可能与负面情绪内容对认知加工的干扰减少有关。
