Schirmeier Stefanie, Matzat Till, Klämbt Christian
Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.
Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.
Brain Res. 2016 Jun 15;1641(Pt A):122-129. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.003. Epub 2015 Sep 12.
Neuronal function requires constant working conditions and a well-balanced supply of ions and metabolites. The metabolic homeostasis in the nervous system crucially depends on the presence of glial cells, which nurture and isolate neuronal cells. Here we review recent findings on how these tasks are performed by glial cells in the genetically amenable model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Despite the small size of its nervous system, which would allow diffusion of metabolites, a surprising division of labor between glial cells and neurons is evident. Glial cells are glycolytically active and transfer lactate and alanine to neurons. Neurons in turn do not require glycolysis but can use the glially provided compounds for their energy homeostasis. Besides feeding neurons, glial cells also insulate neuronal axons in a way similar to Remak fibers in the mammalian nervous system. The molecular mechanisms orchestrating this insulation require neuregulin signaling and resemble the mechanisms controlling glial differentiation in mammals surprisingly well. We hypothesize that metabolic cross talk and insulation of neurons by glial cells emerged early during evolution as two closely interlinked features in the nervous system. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
神经元功能需要恒定的工作条件以及离子和代谢物的均衡供应。神经系统中的代谢稳态关键取决于神经胶质细胞的存在，神经胶质细胞滋养并隔离神经元细胞。在此，我们综述了关于在遗传上易于操作的模式生物黑腹果蝇中，神经胶质细胞如何执行这些任务的最新研究发现。尽管其神经系统规模较小，允许代谢物扩散，但神经胶质细胞和神经元之间惊人的分工依然明显。神经胶质细胞具有活跃的糖酵解作用，并将乳酸和丙氨酸转运至神经元。反过来，神经元不需要糖酵解，但可以利用神经胶质细胞提供的化合物来维持其能量稳态。除了为神经元提供营养，神经胶质细胞还以类似于哺乳动物神经系统中雷马克纤维的方式隔离神经元轴突。协调这种隔离的分子机制需要神经调节蛋白信号传导，并且与控制哺乳动物神经胶质细胞分化的机制惊人地相似。我们推测，神经胶质细胞与神经元之间的代谢相互作用以及对神经元的隔离在进化早期就已出现，是神经系统中两个紧密相连的特征。本文是名为“专题：髓鞘的进化”特刊的一部分。
