一种直接观察式公园评估工具的可靠性评估：儿童公园、活动与娱乐（PARK）工具
A reliability assessment of a direct-observation park evaluation tool: the parks, activity and recreation among kids (PARK) tool.
作者信息
Bird Madeleine E, Datta Geetanjali D, van Hulst Andraea, Kestens Yan, Barnett Tracie A
机构信息
Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
出版信息
BMC Public Health. 2015 Sep 17;15:906. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2209-0.
BACKGROUND
Parks are increasingly being viewed as a resource that may influence youth obesity and physical activity (PA). Assessing park quality can be challenging as few tools assess park characteristics geared towards youth PA. Additionally, no studies have compared reliability estimates of items assessed in different countries, hindering aims towards generalizable park audit items. Finally, new satellite imaging technology is allowing for desktop identification of parks, however it remains unclear how this compares to direct observation park identification. The purpose of this study is 1) to describe the development and reliability of a youth-oriented direct-observation park audit tool tested in Montreal, Canada, and; 2) to compare reliability estimates of items with those drawn from a tool previously tested in Perth, Australia, with those same items tested in Montreal, Canada.
METHODS
Items were drawn and adapted from two existing tools and 13 new items were newly developed for a total of 92 items. Parks were pre-identified using a GIS software and then verified and audited on-site by observers. A total of 576 parks were evaluated. Cohen's kappa and percent agreement were used to assess the inter- and intra-rater reliability of each item. Inter-rater reliabilities of 17 items drawn from a tool previously tested in Australia were compared.
RESULTS
Eighty-six percent of items had ≥ 75 % agreement and 83 % had kappa coefficients between 0.41 and 1. Among 40 test-retest episodes kappa agreement was relatively high (≥ 0.40) for all but four items. Percent agreement was excellent (≥ 75 % agreement) for all but eight items. Inter-rater reliability estimates of the 17 items tested in Montreal and Perth were of similar magnitude.
CONCLUSIONS
The tool is generally reliable and can be used to assess park characteristics that may be associated with youth PA. The items tested in Montreal and Perth are likely generalizable to other urban environments.
背景
公园越来越被视为一种可能影响青少年肥胖和身体活动（PA）的资源。评估公园质量可能具有挑战性，因为很少有工具能评估针对青少年身体活动的公园特征。此外，尚无研究比较不同国家所评估项目的可靠性估计值，这阻碍了通用公园审计项目的目标。最后，新的卫星成像技术使我们能够在桌面端识别公园，但尚不清楚这与直接观察法识别公园相比如何。本研究的目的是：1）描述在加拿大蒙特利尔测试的以青少年为导向的直接观察法公园审计工具的开发过程和可靠性；2）比较该工具中各项目与先前在澳大利亚珀斯测试过的工具中的相同项目在加拿大蒙特利尔测试时的可靠性估计值。
方法
从两个现有工具中提取并改编项目，新开发了13个新项目，共计92个项目。使用地理信息系统（GIS）软件预先识别公园，然后由观察员进行现场核实和审计。共评估了576个公园。使用科恩kappa系数和百分比一致性来评估每个项目的评分者间和评分者内信度。比较了从先前在澳大利亚测试过的工具中提取的17个项目的评分者间信度。
结果
86%的项目一致性≥75%，83%的项目kappa系数在0.41至1之间。在40次重测中，除4个项目外，所有项目的kappa一致性相对较高（≥0.40）。除8个项目外，所有项目的百分比一致性都很好（≥75%）。在蒙特利尔和珀斯测试的17个项目的评分者间信度估计值大小相似。
结论
该工具总体可靠，可用于评估可能与青少年身体活动相关的公园特征。在蒙特利尔和珀斯测试的项目可能适用于其他城市环境。
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