Kramer S
J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1979;27 Suppl:241-62.
Greater knowledge and integration of developmental concepts and of the frame of reference of separation-individuation, add to the analyst's richer insights and to his more complete interpretations and reconstructions. Freud recognized the complexity of preoedipal development and the importance of the object and of object relations. Contemporary contributions have enabled us to proceed beyond the preoedipal conceptualizations of and since Freud, to better understand ego- and drive regression and evidence of fixations or ego distortions which may appear parallel to "normal neurotic" findings. I question whether we encounter different patients today and suggest that we understand our patients better, thus making our analytic assessments and practices so different from 50 years ago. Separation-individuation theory encompasses and organizes findings from many sources, research and clinical, and permits us to perceive and process material in a multifaceted way. It must affect the timing and content of interpretations and reconstruction, and has a profound influence upon the understanding of psychopathology as well as normal development.
对发展概念以及分离个体化参照框架有更深入的了解和整合，能让分析师获得更丰富的见解，做出更完整的解释和重构。弗洛伊德认识到前俄狄浦斯期发展的复杂性以及客体和客体关系的重要性。当代的贡献使我们能够超越弗洛伊德及其之后对前俄狄浦斯期的概念化理解，从而更好地理解自我和驱力退行，以及可能与“正常神经症”表现并行出现的固着或自我扭曲的证据。我质疑我们今天面对的患者是否有所不同，并认为我们能更好地理解我们的患者，从而使我们的分析评估和实践与50年前大不相同。分离个体化理论涵盖并整合了来自许多来源（研究和临床）的发现，使我们能够以多方面的方式感知和处理素材。它必然会影响解释和重构的时机与内容，并对精神病理学以及正常发展的理解产生深远影响。
