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阿喀琉斯,一种来自橄榄果蝇的转录活跃反转录转座子新家族,具有Y染色体优先分布。

Achilles, a New Family of Transcriptionally Active Retrotransposons from the Olive Fruit Fly, with Y Chromosome Preferential Distribution.

作者信息

Tsoumani Konstantina T, Drosopoulou Elena, Bourtzis Kostas, Gariou-Papalexiou Aggeliki, Mavragani-Tsipidou Penelope, Zacharopoulou Antigone, Mathiopoulos Kostas D

机构信息

Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.

Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Thessaloniki, Greece.

出版信息

PLoS One. 2015 Sep 23;10(9):e0137050. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137050. eCollection 2015.

Abstract

Sex chromosomes have many unusual features relative to autosomes. The in depth exploration of their structure will improve our understanding of their origin and divergence (degeneration) as well as the evolution of genetic sex determination pathways which, most often are attributed to them. In Tephritids, the structure of Y chromosome, where the male-determining factor M is localized, is largely unexplored and limited data concerning its sequence content and evolution are available. In order to get insight into the structure and organization of the Y chromosome of the major olive insect pest, the olive fly Bactrocera oleae, we characterized sequences from a Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)-isolated Y chromosome. Here, we report the discovery of the first olive fly LTR retrotransposon with increased presence on the Y chromosome. The element belongs to the BEL-Pao superfamily, however, its sequence comparison with the other members of the superfamily suggests that it constitutes a new family that we termed Achilles. Its ~7.5 kb sequence consists of the 5'LTR, the 5'non-coding sequence and the open reading frame (ORF), which encodes the polyprotein Gag-Pol. In situ hybridization to the B. oleae polytene chromosomes showed that Achilles is distributed in discrete bands dispersed on all five autosomes, in all centromeric regions and in the granular heterochromatic network corresponding to the mitotic sex chromosomes. The between sexes comparison revealed a variation in Achilles copy number, with male flies possessing 5-10 copies more than female (CI range: 18-38 and 12-33 copies respectively per genome). The examination of its transcriptional activity demonstrated the presence of at least one intact active copy in the genome, showing a differential level of expression between sexes as well as during embryonic development. The higher expression was detected in male germline tissues (testes). Moreover, the presence of Achilles-like elements in different species of the Tephritidae family suggests an ancient origin of this element.

摘要

与常染色体相比,性染色体具有许多不同寻常的特征。对其结构进行深入探索将有助于我们更好地理解它们的起源和分化(退化),以及遗传性别决定途径的进化,而遗传性别决定途径通常归因于性染色体。在实蝇科昆虫中,雄性决定因子M所在的Y染色体结构在很大程度上尚未得到充分研究,关于其序列内容和进化的可用数据有限。为了深入了解主要的橄榄害虫橄榄实蝇(Bactrocera oleae)Y染色体的结构和组织,我们对脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分离的Y染色体序列进行了表征。在此,我们报告发现了首个在Y染色体上存在增加的橄榄实蝇LTR反转录转座子。该元件属于BEL-Pao超家族,然而,它与该超家族其他成员的序列比较表明,它构成了一个新的家族,我们将其命名为阿喀琉斯(Achilles)。其约7.5 kb的序列由5'LTR、5'非编码序列和开放阅读框(ORF)组成,该开放阅读框编码多蛋白Gag-Pol。对橄榄实蝇多线染色体的原位杂交显示,阿喀琉斯分布在分散于所有五条常染色体、所有着丝粒区域以及对应于有丝分裂性染色体的颗粒状异染色质网络中的离散条带中。两性之间的比较揭示了阿喀琉斯拷贝数的差异,雄性果蝇比雌性果蝇多5 - 10个拷贝(CI范围分别为每个基因组18 - 38个拷贝和12 - 33个拷贝)。对其转录活性的检测表明基因组中存在至少一个完整的活性拷贝,显示出两性之间以及胚胎发育过程中不同的表达水平。在雄性生殖系组织(睾丸)中检测到更高的表达。此外,实蝇科不同物种中存在阿喀琉斯样元件表明该元件起源古老。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/352a/4580426/9a990236b718/pone.0137050.g001.jpg

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