Jongkees Bryant J, Hommel Bernhard, Kühn Simone, Colzato Lorenza S
Institute of Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, Netherlands.
Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
J Psychiatr Res. 2015 Nov;70:50-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014. Epub 2015 Aug 25.
Consuming the amino-acid tyrosine (TYR), the precursor of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), may counteract decrements in neurotransmitter function and cognitive performance. However, reports on the effectiveness of TYR supplementation vary considerably, with some studies finding beneficial effects, whereas others do not. Here we review the available cognitive/behavioral studies on TYR, to elucidate whether and when TYR supplementation can be beneficial for performance. The potential of using TYR supplementation to treat clinical disorders seems limited and its benefits are likely determined by the presence and extent of impaired neurotransmitter function and synthesis. Likewise, the potential of TYR supplementation for enhancing physical exercise seems minimal as well, perhaps because the link between physical exercise and catecholamine function is mediated by many other factors. In contrast, TYR does seem to effectively enhance cognitive performance, particularly in short-term stressful and/or cognitively demanding situations. We conclude that TYR is an effective enhancer of cognition, but only when neurotransmitter function is intact and DA and/or NE is temporarily depleted.
摄入多巴胺（DA）和去甲肾上腺素（NE）的前体氨基酸酪氨酸（TYR），可能会抵消神经递质功能和认知表现的下降。然而，关于补充TYR有效性的报告差异很大，一些研究发现有益效果，而另一些则没有。在这里，我们回顾了关于TYR的现有认知/行为研究，以阐明补充TYR是否以及何时对表现有益。使用TYR补充剂治疗临床疾病的潜力似乎有限，其益处可能取决于神经递质功能和合成受损的存在及程度。同样，补充TYR增强体育锻炼的潜力似乎也很小，这可能是因为体育锻炼和儿茶酚胺功能之间的联系是由许多其他因素介导的。相比之下，TYR似乎确实能有效提高认知表现，特别是在短期压力和/或认知要求较高的情况下。我们得出结论，TYR是一种有效的认知增强剂，但仅在神经递质功能完好且DA和/或NE暂时耗尽时才有效。
