Kim Min Ju, Kim Kyung Won
Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-774, Korea.
Nutr Res Pract. 2015 Oct;9(5):530-8. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.5.530. Epub 2015 Sep 14.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Calcium is important but deficient in diets of young adult women. This study aimed to examine if cognitive factors and eating behaviors differ according to calcium intake based on the Social Cognitive Theory.
SUBJECTS/METHODS: Subjects were female college students in Seoul, Korea. Three hundred students completed the questionnaire regarding calcium intake, nutrition knowledge, outcome expectations, self-efficacy and eating behaviors. Data on 240 students were analyzed using t-test or χ(2)-test. Subjects were categorized into two groups, high calcium intake (HC, ≥ 650 mg/day) and low calcium intake (LC, < 650 mg/day), according to recommended intakes of calcium for women aged 19-29 years.
The LC group constituted 77.9% of total subjects. Nutrition knowledge was not different according to calcium intake. Three out of 12 outcome expectations items were significantly different between the HC and LC groups. Subjects in the HC group agreed more strongly with the practical benefits of consuming calcium-rich foods, including 'taste' (P < 0.01) and 'going well with other snacks' (P < 0.05), compared to those in the LC group. Negative expectations of 'indigestion' were stronger in the LC group than HC group (P < 0.001). Among self-efficacy items, perceived ability of 'eating dairy foods for snacks' (P < 0.001), 'eating dairy foods every day' (P < 0.01), and 'eating calcium-rich side dishes at meals' (P < 0.05) differed significantly between the HC and LC groups. Eating behaviors including more frequent consumption of dairy foods, fruits or fruit juice (P < 0.001), anchovy, seaweeds, green vegetables, protein-rich foods (P < 0.05), and less frequent consumption of sweets or soft drinks (P < 0.01) were significantly related to calcium intake.
This study found that outcome expectations, self-efficacy in consuming calcium-rich foods, and eating behaviors are important in explaining calcium intake. Nutrition education needs to address practical benefits, reduce negative expectations of calcium-rich foods, increase self-efficacy, and modify eating behaviors contributing to calcium intake.
背景/目的：钙很重要，但年轻成年女性的饮食中钙含量不足。本研究旨在根据社会认知理论，探讨认知因素和饮食行为是否因钙摄入量不同而存在差异。
对象/方法：研究对象为韩国首尔的女大学生。300名学生完成了关于钙摄入量、营养知识、结果期望、自我效能感和饮食行为的问卷调查。对240名学生的数据进行t检验或χ²检验分析。根据19 - 29岁女性的钙推荐摄入量，将研究对象分为两组，高钙摄入量组（HC，≥650毫克/天）和低钙摄入量组（LC，< 650毫克/天）。
LC组占总研究对象的77.9%。营养知识不因钙摄入量不同而存在差异。12项结果期望项目中有3项在HC组和LC组之间存在显著差异。与LC组相比，HC组的受试者更强烈地认同食用富含钙食物的实际益处，包括“味道”（P < 0.01）和“与其他零食搭配良好”（P < 0.05）。LC组对“消化不良”的负面期望比HC组更强（P < 0.001）。在自我效能感项目中，“将乳制品作为零食食用”（P < 0.001）、“每天食用乳制品”（P < 0.01）和“在餐食中食用富含钙的配菜”（P < 0.05）的感知能力在HC组和LC组之间存在显著差异。包括更频繁食用乳制品、水果或果汁（P < 0.001）、凤尾鱼、海藻、绿色蔬菜、富含蛋白质的食物（P < 0.05），以及较少频繁食用糖果或软饮料（P < 0.01）在内的饮食行为与钙摄入量显著相关。
本研究发现，结果期望、食用富含钙食物的自我效能感和饮食行为在解释钙摄入量方面很重要。营养教育需要关注实际益处，减少对富含钙食物的负面期望，提高自我效能感，并改变有助于钙摄入的饮食行为。
