Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Sleep Med Rev. 2016 Jun;27:9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.06.001. Epub 2015 Jun 25.
Emil Kraepelin is considered one of the most influential psychiatrists ever. His research on sleep, however, has received little attention to date. Therefore, Kraepelin's published work was reviewed, statements on the topic "sleep" identified, historically contextualized and compared with current knowledge. His assumptions on the "physiology of sleep" are rather speculative and not substantiated by own research. The opposite is true for his findings on the "phenomenology of sleep". For example, his results on sleep depth and sleep stages are not only in overall good agreement with current concepts, but also based on sleep studies. Of special relevance are his findings on chronotypes: Based on empirical clinical studies, neuropsychological experiments and sleep studies, Kraepelin systematically described a morning and evening disposition and intermediate types on the basis of the maximum physical capacity, cognitive ability and alertness/sleepiness during the day as well as sleeping habits. In fact, this concept is basically still valid and these aspects are being captured in morningness-eveningness scales. Our findings challenge the common notion that Nathaniel Kleitman was the first to systematically describe the morningness-eveningness dimension. Overall, we deem Kraepelin's contributions to sleep research, compiled here for the first time, well worth being acknowledged by modern sleep research.
埃米尔·克雷佩林被认为是有史以来最有影响力的精神病学家之一。然而，他关于睡眠的研究至今仍未受到太多关注。因此，我们对克雷佩林发表的著作进行了回顾，确定了与主题“睡眠”相关的论述，将其置于历史背景下进行分析，并与当前的知识进行了比较。他关于“睡眠生理学”的假设相当推测性，并且没有自己的研究来证实。相反，他关于“睡眠现象学”的发现则是正确的。例如，他关于睡眠深度和睡眠阶段的结果不仅与当前的概念总体上一致，而且还基于睡眠研究。他关于“时间类型”的发现尤其具有重要意义：基于经验性的临床研究、神经心理学实验和睡眠研究，克雷佩林系统地描述了基于日间最大体力、认知能力和警觉性/困倦程度以及睡眠习惯的晨型和晚型以及中间类型。事实上，这个概念基本上仍然有效，而这些方面在早晨和傍晚的量表中被捕捉到。我们的发现挑战了一个普遍的观念，即纳撒尼尔·克莱特曼是第一个系统地描述晨型-晚型维度的人。总的来说，我们认为克雷佩林在这里首次汇编的对睡眠研究的贡献非常值得现代睡眠研究承认。
