Blaustein Ryan A, Pachepsky Yakov A, Shelton Daniel R, Hill Robert L
J Environ Qual. 2015 Sep;44(5):1338-54. doi: 10.2134/jeq2015.02.0077.
Microbial pathogens present a leading cause of impairment to rivers, bays, and estuaries in the United States, and agriculture is often viewed as the major contributor to such contamination. Microbial indicators and pathogens are released from land-applied animal manure during precipitation and irrigation events and are carried in overland and subsurface flow that can reach and contaminate surface waters and ground water used for human recreation and food production. Simulating the release and removal of manure-borne pathogens and indicator microorganisms is an essential component of microbial fate and transport modeling regarding food safety and water quality. Although microbial release controls the quantities of available pathogens and indicators that move toward human exposure, a literature review on this topic is lacking. This critical review on microbial release and subsequent removal from manure and animal waste application areas includes sections on microbial release processes and release-affecting factors, such as differences in the release of microbial species or groups; bacterial attachment in turbid suspensions; animal source; animal waste composition; waste aging; manure application method; manure treatment effect; rainfall intensity, duration, and energy; rainfall recurrence; dissolved salts and temperature; vegetation and soil; and spatial and temporal scale. Differences in microbial release from liquid and solid manures are illustrated, and the influential processes are discussed. Models used for simulating release and removal and current knowledge gaps are presented, and avenues for future research are suggested.
微生物病原体是美国河流、海湾和河口受损的主要原因之一，农业通常被视为此类污染的主要来源。在降水和灌溉过程中，微生物指标和病原体从施用于土地的动物粪便中释放出来，并通过地表径流和地下径流传播，这些径流可能会到达并污染用于人类娱乐和食品生产的地表水和地下水。模拟粪便携带的病原体和指示微生物的释放与去除，是食品安全和水质微生物归宿与迁移模型的重要组成部分。尽管微生物的释放控制着向人类暴露方向移动的可用病原体和指标的数量，但目前缺乏关于这一主题的文献综述。这篇关于微生物从粪便和动物粪便施用区域释放及后续去除的综述包括微生物释放过程和影响释放的因素，如微生物种类或群体释放的差异；浑浊悬浮液中的细菌附着；动物来源；动物粪便成分；粪便老化；粪便施用方法；粪便处理效果；降雨强度、持续时间和能量；降雨重现性；溶解盐和温度；植被和土壤；以及时空尺度。文中阐述了液体粪便和固体粪便微生物释放的差异，并讨论了影响过程。介绍了用于模拟释放和去除的模型以及当前的知识空白，并提出了未来研究的方向。
