Olilo Casianes Owino, Muia Anastasia Wairimu, Moturi Wilkister Nyaora, Onyando Japhet Ogalo, Amber Ford Roegner
Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.
Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.
Energy Ecol Environ. 2016 Aug;1(4):248-266. doi: 10.1007/s40974-016-0026-7. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
Agro-pastoral operations have the potential to threaten public health with loading of diverse pathogens into surface waters through overland flow; increasing awareness of the limitations of fecal indicators has led to development of a number of advancements in detection, source tracking and predictive modeling of public health risk. These tools and techniques are beginning to be integrated into management strategies. The objective of this review was to determine the status of current knowledge and challenges of the fate and transport of in overland flow and their interaction within vegetative filter strip (VFS) as one of these implemented best management practices and to critically evaluate its use in that setting as an indicator organism. With few studies directly focusing on VFS removal of from overland flow, we critically evaluated the available data on movement of from fecal source loading to retention and decay or re-release for potential contamination of water ways and pointed out potential limitations in both pathogen-specific removal and its use as an indicator organisms within overland flow and VFS. Critical areas of focus for future studies to reduce gaps in knowledge were identified, and the integration of newer approaches in source tracking, alternative indicators and the use of non-pathogenic surrogates for field testing of existing VFS models was encouraged. With VFS as a growing field of interest as an economical conservation practice and as an avenue for conservation of resources for small-scale agro-pastoral operations, management strategies to reduce initial fecal load from either applied manure constituents or shedding from free-range animals will continue to test the limits in the applications of models to overland flow and VFS management strategies. Further studies at the microscale in understanding discrepancies between low and high pathogenicity strains of and between and other fecal pathogens in the context of VFS will be critical. However, nuanced studies are needed to understand either biological or environmental differences in the fate and transport of the diverse types of fecal pathogens within these settings.
农牧业活动有可能通过地表径流将各种病原体带入地表水，从而威胁公众健康；随着人们对粪便指标局限性的认识不断提高，在公共卫生风险的检测、源头追踪和预测建模方面取得了一些进展。这些工具和技术正开始被纳入管理策略。本综述的目的是确定作为已实施的最佳管理实践之一的地表径流中[此处原文缺失具体物质]的归宿和迁移及其在植被过滤带（VFS）内的相互作用的现有知识状况和挑战，并严格评估其在该环境中作为指示生物的用途。由于很少有研究直接关注VFS对地表径流中[此处原文缺失具体物质]的去除，我们严格评估了从粪便源负荷到截留、衰减或再释放以造成水道潜在污染的[此处原文缺失具体物质]迁移的现有数据，并指出了在病原体特异性去除及其作为地表径流和VFS内指示生物使用方面的潜在局限性。确定了未来研究以减少知识差距的关键重点领域，并鼓励在源头追踪、替代指标以及使用非致病性替代物对现有VFS模型进行现场测试方面整合更新的方法。随着VFS作为一种经济的保护措施以及小规模农牧业活动资源保护途径而日益受到关注，减少来自施用粪肥成分或散养动物粪便排放的初始粪便负荷的管理策略将继续考验模型在地表径流和VFS管理策略应用中的极限。在微观尺度上进一步研究理解VFS背景下[此处原文缺失具体物质]低致病性和高致病性菌株之间以及[此处原文缺失具体物质]与其他粪便病原体之间的差异至关重要。然而，需要进行细致入微的研究，以了解这些环境中不同类型粪便病原体在归宿和迁移方面的生物学或环境差异。
