Riccomagno Martin M, Kolodkin Alex L
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521; email:
Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; email:
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2015;31:779-805. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-013038. Epub 2015 Oct 2.
The assembly of functional neural circuits requires the combined action of progressive and regressive events. Regressive events encompass a variety of inhibitory developmental processes, including axon and dendrite pruning, which facilitate the removal of exuberant neuronal connections. Most axon pruning involves the removal of axons that had already made synaptic connections; thus, axon pruning is tightly associated with synapse elimination. In many instances, these developmental processes are regulated by the interplay between neurons and glial cells that act instructively during neural remodeling. Owing to the importance of axon and dendritic pruning, these remodeling events require precise spatial and temporal control, and this is achieved by a range of distinct molecular mechanisms. Disruption of these mechanisms results in abnormal pruning, which has been linked to brain dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of axon and dendritic pruning will be instrumental in advancing our knowledge of neural disease and mental disorders.
功能性神经回路的组装需要渐进性和退行性事件的共同作用。退行性事件包括各种抑制性发育过程，包括轴突和树突修剪，这有助于去除过多的神经元连接。大多数轴突修剪涉及去除已经建立突触连接的轴突；因此，轴突修剪与突触消除密切相关。在许多情况下，这些发育过程受神经元和神经胶质细胞之间相互作用的调节，它们在神经重塑过程中发挥指导作用。由于轴突和树突修剪的重要性，这些重塑事件需要精确的空间和时间控制，这是通过一系列不同的分子机制实现的。这些机制的破坏会导致异常修剪，这与脑功能障碍有关。因此，了解轴突和树突修剪的机制将有助于推进我们对神经疾病和精神障碍的认识。
