Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece; Faculty of Agricultural Technology, T.E.I. of Epirus, 47100 Arta, Greece.
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece; Department of Business Administration of Food and Agricultural Products, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Jan 15;541:542-550. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.117. Epub 2015 Oct 3.
A field dissipation and transport study of the insecticide cypermethrin applied as microgranular (MG) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations has been conducted in field sunflower cultivations and bare soil plots with two different slopes (1% and 5%). The dissipation of insecticide in soil (on planting rows) was monitored for a period of 193 days. Cypermethrin residual concentrations in the upper soil layer (0-10 cm), 2 days after soil application (DASA), ranged from 0.53 to 0.73 μg g(- 1) when the maximum values were observed 7 DASA, ranged from 1.06 to 1.23 μg g(-1). The dissipation rate was better described by first-order kinetics. The average half-life in cultivated (tilled and planted) plots was 23.07 and 24.24 days for soil slopes 5% and 1%, respectively. In uncultivated (tilled but not planted) plots the respective values were 22.01 and 22.37 days. The insecticide was found below the 10 cm soil layer occasionally in few samples at low concentrations (< 0.02 μg g(- 1)). In runoff water it was detected once (7 days after foliar application, at levels below LOQ), when in sediment it was detectable for seven samplings. The maximum values were observed 7 days after foliar application, when they reached 0.097 and 0.143 μg g(-1) in cultivated plots with soil slopes 1% and 5%; and 0.394 and 0.500 μg g(-1) in uncultivated plots, respectively. The amount of cypermethrin which was transferred by the sediment remained at low levels (less than 0.01% of the totally applied active ingredient), even in plots with 5% inclination. The insecticide was detected in leaves and stems of the sunflower plants after the foliar application up to the day of harvest. On the contrary, in roots it was detectable during the whole cultivation period. No residues were detected in flowers or seeds.
已经在田间向日葵种植和裸土斑块（坡度为 1%和 5%）中进行了杀虫剂氯菊酯作为微颗粒（MG）和乳油（EC）制剂的田间消散和迁移研究。在种植后 193 天监测土壤（种植行）中杀虫剂的消解情况。土壤中氯菊酯残留浓度（上层 0-10cm），土壤施用后 2 天（DASA），最高值为 7DASA，范围为 0.53 至 0.73μg g(-1)，1.06 至 1.23μg g(-1)。消解率更适合用一级动力学描述。在耕种（耕作和种植）地块中，平均半衰期分别为 23.07 天和 24.24 天，土壤坡度为 5%和 1%。在未耕种（耕作但未种植）的地块中，相应的值分别为 22.01 天和 22.37 天。偶尔在少数低浓度（<0.02μg g(-1)）样本中在 10cm 以下土层中发现了杀虫剂。在径流水中，仅在一次（叶面施用后 7 天，低于 LOQ 水平）中检测到，而在沉积物中，7 次采样均可检测到。在叶面施用后 7 天观察到最高值，在坡度为 1%和 5%的耕种地块中，达到 0.097 和 0.143μg g(-1)；在未耕种的地块中，达到 0.394 和 0.500μg g(-1)。通过沉积物转移的氯菊酯量保持在低水平（低于总施用量的 0.01%），即使在坡度为 5%的地块中也是如此。叶面施用后，在向日葵植株的叶片和茎中直至收获时均检测到杀虫剂。相反，在根中整个种植期间都可检测到。在花或种子中未检测到残留。
