Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, Brazil.
Fisheries Institute-APTA, SAA, São Paulo, Brazil.
Ecotoxicology. 2019 Nov;28(9):1105-1114. doi: 10.1007/s10646-019-02115-0. Epub 2019 Oct 5.
Pyrethroid insecticides are one of the most commonly used pesticide groups, but these compounds have brought risks to non-target species, such as amphibians. This study evaluated the toxicological effects (mortality, swimming activity and oral morphology) caused to a South American species of anuran amphibian, Physalaemus gracilis, exposed to the pyrethroids cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Total spawnings of this anuran were collected in the natural environment and transported to the laboratory where they were kept under controlled conditions. Chronic assays were defined between 0.1 and 0.01 mg L of cypermethrin, and 0.009 and 0.001 mg L of deltamethrin. For cypermethrin, a further chronic toxicity test was performed at 0.05 and 2.0 mg L, with hatchlings at stages S.20-S.25. Cypermethrin and deltamethrin were lethal enough to kill over 70% of exposed tadpoles in 1 week at concentrations that can be found in nature (0.01-0.1 mg L). The exposure effects also influenced swimming activity and caused changes in oral morphology, which would make it difficult for the animals to survive in their natural habitat. Both pyrethroids presented a risk for P. gracilis, so they should be re-evaluated for non-target wild species.
拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂是最常用的农药之一，但这些化合物给非靶标物种带来了风险，如两栖动物。本研究评估了拟除虫菊酯氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯对南美一种蛙类Physalaemus gracilis 的毒理学影响（死亡率、游泳活动和口腔形态）。这种蛙类的总产卵在自然环境中收集，并运送到实验室，在那里它们在受控条件下饲养。慢性试验在 0.1 和 0.01mg/L 的氯氰菊酯和 0.009 和 0.001mg/L 的溴氰菊酯之间进行定义。对于氯氰菊酯，在 0.05 和 2.0mg/L 以及 S.20-S.25 阶段的幼蛙中进行了进一步的慢性毒性试验。氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯在自然界中存在的浓度（0.01-0.1mg/L）下，足以在 1 周内杀死超过 70%的暴露幼蛙。暴露效应还影响了游泳活动，并导致口腔形态发生变化，这使得动物难以在其自然栖息地中生存。这两种拟除虫菊酯对 P. gracilis 都有风险，因此应重新评估它们对非靶标野生物种的影响。
