食用各种形式的苹果与儿童饮食中更好的营养摄入和更高的营养充足率相关：2003 - 2010年美国国家健康与营养检查调查。

Consumption of various forms of apples is associated with a better nutrient intake and improved nutrient adequacy in diets of children: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2010.

作者信息

Nicklas Theresa A, O'Neil Carol E, Fulgoni Victor L

机构信息

Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA;

School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.

出版信息

Food Nutr Res. 2015 Oct 5;59:25948. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v59.25948. eCollection 2015.

DOI:10.3402/fnr.v59.25948

PMID:26445211

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4595465/

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Consumption of fruit has been associated with a variety of health benefits, yet, 75% of children have usual intakes of total fruit below minimum recommended amounts. Apples are the second most commonly consumed fruit in the United States; however, no studies have examined the impact of apple consumption on nutrient intake and adequacy in children's diets.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to examine the association between apple (various forms) consumption with nutrient intake and nutrient adequacy in a nationally representative sample of children.

DESIGN

Participants were children aged 2-18 years (n=13,339), from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2010. Least square means of total energy and nutrient intake, and the percentage of the population below the estimated average requirement (EAR) or above the adequate intake (AI) among apple consumers and non-consumers were examined.

RESULTS

Consumers of total apple products had higher (p<0.01) total intakes of fiber, magnesium, and potassium and lower intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acid, and sodium than non-consumers. Apple consumers had higher (p<0.01) total sugar intake, but lower intake of added sugars compared to non-consumers. A lower (p<0.01) percentage of apple consumers were below the EAR for 13 of the 16 nutrients studied. Apple consumers had approximately a 10 percentage unit difference below the EAR for calcium and magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E, than non-consumers. The percentage above the AI for fiber was significantly (p<0.0001) higher among total apple consumers (6.24±0.45 g) compared to non-consumers (0.57±0.07 g). The results were similar for individual apple products (i.e. apple juice, applesauce, and whole apples).

CONCLUSION

Consumption of any forms of apples provided valuable nutrients in the diets of children.

摘要

背景

食用水果与多种健康益处相关，但75%的儿童日常总水果摄入量低于推荐的最低量。苹果是美国第二大最常食用的水果；然而，尚无研究探讨食用苹果对儿童饮食中营养素摄入及充足性的影响。

目的

本研究旨在调查全国代表性儿童样本中食用苹果（各种形式）与营养素摄入及营养素充足性之间的关联。

设计

参与者为2003年至2010年美国国家健康与营养检查调查中的2至18岁儿童（n = 13339）。研究了苹果消费者和非消费者中总能量和营养素摄入的最小二乘均值，以及低于估计平均需求量（EAR）或高于适宜摄入量（AI）的人群百分比。

结果

与非消费者相比，食用苹果制品的消费者膳食纤维、镁和钾的总摄入量更高（p < 0.01），而总脂肪、饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和钠的摄入量更低。与非消费者相比，苹果消费者的总糖摄入量更高（p < 0.01），但添加糖的摄入量更低。在研究的16种营养素中，有13种营养素摄入低于EAR的苹果消费者百分比更低（p < 0.01）。与非消费者相比，苹果消费者在钙、镁以及维生素A、C、D和E的摄入量低于EAR方面，大约有10个百分点的差异。与非消费者（0.57±0.07克）相比，总苹果消费者中高于AI的膳食纤维百分比显著更高（p < 0.0001）（6.24±0.45克）。单个苹果制品（即苹果汁、苹果酱和整个苹果）的结果相似。