Spatial and Short-Temporal Variability of δC and δN and Water-Use Efficiency in Pine Needles of the Three Forests Along the Most Industrialized Part of Poland.

In this study, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in the samples of pine needles collected in 2013 and 2014 from heavily urbanized area in close proximity to point-source pollution emitters, such as a heat and power plant, nitrogen plant, and steelworks in Silesia (Poland), were analyzed as bio-indicators of contemporary environmental changes. The carbon isotope discrimination has been proposed as a method for evaluating water-use efficiency. The measurement of carbon and nitrogen isotopes was carried out using the continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The isotope ratio mass spectrometer allows the precise measurement of mixtures of naturally occurring isotopes. The δN values were calibrated relative to the NO-3 and USGS34 international standards, whereas the δC values were calibrated relative to the C-3 and C-5 international standards. The strong year-to-year correlations between the δC in different sampling sites, and also the inter-annual correlation of δN values in the pine needles at each of the investigated sampling sites confirm that the measured δC and δN and also intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) trends are representative of the sampling site. Diffuse air pollution caused the variation in δ C, δN, and iWUE dependent on type of emitter, the localization in the space (distance and direction) from factories and some local effect of other human activities. The complex short-term variation analysis can be helpful to distinguish isotopic fractionation, which is not an effect explainable by climatic conditions but by the anthropogenic effect. Between 2012 and 2014, an increase in iWUE is observed at leaf level.