Neumann Nicola, Lotze Martin, Eickhoff Simon B
Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Hum Brain Mapp. 2016 Jan;37(1):262-72. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23028. Epub 2015 Oct 14.
Expert performance constitutes the endpoint of skill acquisition and is accompanied by widespread neuroplastic changes. To reveal common mechanisms of reorganization associated with long-term expertise in a cognitive domain (mental calculation, chess, language, memory, music without motor involvement), we used activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis and compared brain activation of experts to nonexperts. Twenty-six studies matched inclusion criteria, most of which reported an increase and not a decrease of activation foci in experts. Increased activation occurred in the left rolandic operculum (OP 4) and left primary auditory cortex and in bilateral premotor cortex in studies that used auditory stimulation. In studies with visual stimulation, experts showed enhanced activation in the right inferior parietal cortex (area PGp) and the right lingual gyrus. Experts' brain activation patterns seem to be characterized by enhanced or additional activity in domain-specific primary, association, and motor structures, confirming that learning is localized and very specialized.
专家表现构成了技能习得的终点，并伴随着广泛的神经可塑性变化。为了揭示与认知领域（心算、国际象棋、语言、记忆、无运动参与的音乐）长期专业技能相关的重组共同机制，我们使用激活可能性估计元分析，并将专家与非专家的大脑激活情况进行比较。26项研究符合纳入标准，其中大多数报告称专家的激活灶增加而非减少。在使用听觉刺激的研究中，左侧中央前回盖（OP 4）、左侧初级听觉皮层以及双侧运动前皮层出现激活增加。在视觉刺激研究中，专家在右侧顶下小叶（PGp区）和右侧舌回表现出增强的激活。专家的大脑激活模式似乎以特定领域的初级、联合和运动结构中增强的或额外的活动为特征，证实学习是局部化且非常专业化的。
