Agarwal Manjree, Ren Yonglin, Newman James, Learmonth Stewart
School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Cooperative Research Centre National Plant Biosecurity, GPO Box 5012, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia.
School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Cooperative Research Centre National Plant Biosecurity, GPO Box 5012, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron Hay Court South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
J Econ Entomol. 2015 Dec;108(6):2566-71. doi: 10.1093/jee/tov242. Epub 2015 Aug 7.
Export of Pink Lady apples from Australia has been significantly affected by infestations of adult eucalyptus weevils (Gonipterus platensis Marelli). These weevils cling tenaciously to the pedicel of apple fruit when selecting overwintering sites. As a result, apples infested with live G. platensis adults lead to rejection for export. Since the Montreal Protocol restricted use of methyl bromide as postharvest treatment, it was necessary to consider alternative safer fumigants for disinfestation of eucalyptus weevil. Laboratory experiments were conducted using concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 80 mg/liter of ethyl formate. Complete control (100% mortality) was achieved at 25-30 mg/liter of ethyl formate at 22-24°C for 24-h exposure without apples. However, with 90-95% of the volume full of apples, complete control was achieved at 40 mg/liter of ethyl formate at 22-24°C for 24-h exposure. No phytotoxicity was observed and after one day aeration, residue of ethyl formate declined to natural levels (0.05-0.2 mg/kg). Five ethyl formate field trials were conducted in cool storages (capacity from 250-900 tons) and 100% kill of eucalyptus weevils were achieved at 50-55 mg/liter at 7-10°C for 24 h. Ethyl formate has great potential for preshipment treatment of apples. Its use is considerably cheaper and safer than already existing fumigants like methyl bromide and phosphine.
澳大利亚粉佳人苹果的出口受到成年桉象甲（Gonipterus platensis Marelli）侵害的显著影响。这些象甲在选择越冬地点时会紧紧附着在苹果果实的果柄上。因此，带有活的成年桉象甲的苹果会被拒绝出口。由于《蒙特利尔议定书》限制了甲基溴作为采后处理剂的使用，有必要考虑使用替代性的更安全熏蒸剂来对桉象甲进行除害处理。使用浓度为5、10、15、20、25、30、40和80毫克/升的甲酸乙酯进行了实验室试验。在22 - 24°C下，暴露24小时，在没有苹果的情况下，25 - 30毫克/升的甲酸乙酯可实现完全防治（100%死亡率）。然而，当容器90 - 95%的体积装满苹果时，在22 - 24°C下，暴露24小时，40毫克/升的甲酸乙酯可实现完全防治。未观察到植物毒性，通气一天后，甲酸乙酯残留量降至自然水平（0.05 - 0.2毫克/千克）。在容量为250 - 900吨的冷藏库中进行了五次甲酸乙酯田间试验，在7 - 10°C下，50 - 55毫克/升，暴露24小时，可实现桉象甲100%死亡。甲酸乙酯在苹果装运前处理方面具有很大潜力。其使用比甲基溴和磷化氢等现有熏蒸剂便宜得多且更安全。
