Edds-Walton Peggy L
Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
Science Education and Enrichment, 6864 Rycroft Drive, Riverside, CA, 9250, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;877:197-226. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-21059-9_10.
Of the three, paired otolithic endorgans in the ear of teleost fishes, the saccule is the one most often demonstrated to have a major role in encoding frequencies of biologically relevant sounds. The toadfish saccule also encodes sound level and sound source direction in the phase-locked activity conveyed via auditory afferents to nuclei of the ipsilateral octaval column in the medulla. Although paired auditory receptors are present in teleost fishes, binaural processes were believed to be unimportant due to the speed of sound in water and the acoustic transparency of the tissues in water. In contrast, there are behavioral and anatomical data that support binaural processing in fishes. Studies in the toadfish combined anatomical tract-tracing and physiological recordings from identified sites along the ascending auditory pathway to document response characteristics at each level. Binaural computations in the medulla and midbrain sharpen the directional information provided by the saccule. Furthermore, physiological studies in the central nervous system indicated that encoding frequency, sound level, temporal pattern, and sound source direction are important components of what the toadfish ear tells the toadfish brain about sound.
在硬骨鱼类耳朵中的三种成对耳石终器中，球囊是最常被证明在编码生物相关声音频率方面起主要作用的一个。蟾鱼的球囊还通过听觉传入神经传递到延髓同侧八分体柱核的锁相活动中对声级和声源方向进行编码。虽然硬骨鱼类中存在成对的听觉感受器，但由于水中的声速和水中组织的声学透明度，双耳处理被认为并不重要。相比之下，有行为和解剖学数据支持鱼类的双耳处理。对蟾鱼的研究结合了解剖学束路追踪和沿听觉上行通路特定部位的生理记录，以记录每个水平的反应特征。延髓和中脑中的双耳计算增强了球囊提供的方向信息。此外，中枢神经系统的生理学研究表明，编码频率、声级、时间模式和声源方向是蟾鱼耳朵向蟾鱼大脑传递声音信息的重要组成部分。
