Long J
a MRC, Applied Psychology Unit , 15 Chaucer Road , Cambridge , England.
Ergonomics. 1976 Jan;19(1):93-110. doi: 10.1080/00140137608931517.
The results of three experiments are reported. They were designed to substantiate the importance for skilled keying behaviour of information derived from the printed copy and the keyboard. Experiment 1 showed that consulting the copy and the keyboard during transcription constituted part of normal keying activity and that the frequency of consultation was a function of the specific demands of the task..Experiment 2, with no requirement to correct errors, and Experiment 3, with a requirement to correct errors, involved the independent masking of the copy and the keyboard as well as on unmasked control condition. Both experiments showed that an adverse effect on performance, as measured by speed and accuracy, occurred only in the keyboard masked condition. Experiment 3 revealed an additional adverse effect on performance, as measured by the reduced percentage of errors corrected, which occurred only in the copy masked condition. It was concluded that the keyboard provides ' guidance ' information, permitting the appropriate co-ordination of fingers and keys and the location of unfamiliar keys by sight, and the printed copy provides ' feedback ' information concerning the commission of errors. It is argued that the results resolve a contradiction reported in previous research and suggest that visual feedback has a continuing role even in highly practised skills, such as keying.
本文报告了三项实验的结果。这些实验旨在证实从印刷副本和键盘获取的信息对熟练键入行为的重要性。实验1表明，转录过程中查阅副本和键盘是正常键入活动的一部分，查阅频率是任务特定要求的函数。实验2不要求纠正错误，实验3要求纠正错误，这两项实验都涉及对副本和键盘的独立遮盖以及未遮盖的对照条件。两项实验均表明，仅在键盘被遮盖的条件下，以速度和准确性衡量的表现会受到不利影响。实验3揭示了另一种对表现的不利影响，即仅在副本被遮盖的条件下，纠正错误的百分比降低。研究得出结论，键盘提供“指导”信息，使手指和按键能够适当协调，并通过视觉找到不熟悉的按键位置，而印刷副本提供有关错误发生的“反馈”信息。有人认为，这些结果解决了先前研究中报告的一个矛盾，并表明视觉反馈即使在诸如键入等高度熟练的技能中也持续发挥作用。
