Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; email:
Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12:407-33. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093351. Epub 2015 Nov 11.
Craving is a central feature of addiction. Its recent inclusion as a diagnostic criterion for substance use disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders appears at a time when craving research is at an all-time high. Craving is thought to predict relapse and may deter individuals from even trying to quit. Researchers have developed experimental craving-induction paradigms to identify factors contributing to craving and to test interventions to alleviate craving. This review offers a critique of laboratory craving studies, with particular emphasis on cigarette craving. It raises questions concerning several conceptual and methodological assumptions underlying this research, identifies processes that may explain why cravings are linked to drug use and relapse, addresses contextual factors that may influence various experiences of craving, and considers recent interventions targeting craving. The relation between craving and both emotion and coping is discussed, as well as the level of insight that individuals have about their own future cravings.
cravings 是成瘾的一个核心特征。在《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第五版）》中，将 cravings 最近纳入物质使用障碍的诊断标准，此时 craving 的研究正处于历史最高水平。人们认为 cravings 可预测复发，甚至可能阻止个人尝试戒烟。研究人员已经开发出实验性 craving 诱导范式，以确定导致 craving 的因素，并测试减轻 craving 的干预措施。本综述对实验室 craving 研究进行了批判，特别强调了对香烟 craving 的研究。它提出了一些问题，涉及该研究的几个概念和方法学假设，确定了可能解释为什么 cravings 与药物使用和复发有关的过程，探讨了可能影响各种 craving 体验的情境因素，并考虑了针对 cravings 的最近干预措施。讨论了 craving 与情绪和应对之间的关系，以及个人对自己未来 cravings 的洞察力水平。
