James Timothy Y, Marino John A, Perfecto Ivette, Vandermeer John
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015 Nov 13;82(2):631-9. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02639-15. Print 2016 Jan 15.
The interaction of crop pests with their natural enemies is a fundament to their control. Natural enemies of fungal pathogens of crops are poorly known relative to those of insect pests, despite the diversity of fungal pathogens and their economic importance. Currently, many regions across Latin America are experiencing unprecedented epidemics of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix). Identification of natural enemies of coffee rust could aid in developing management strategies or in pinpointing species that could be used for biocontrol. In the present study, we characterized fungal communities associated with coffee rust lesions by single-molecule DNA sequencing of fungal rRNA gene bar codes from leaf discs (≈28 mm(2)) containing rust lesions and control discs with no rust lesions. The leaf disc communities were hyperdiverse in terms of fungi, with up to 69 operational taxonomic units (putative species) per control disc, and the diversity was only slightly reduced in rust-infected discs, with up to 63 putative species. However, geography had a greater influence on the fungal community than whether the disc was infected by coffee rust. Through comparisons between control and rust-infected leaf discs, as well as taxonomic criteria, we identified 15 putative mycoparasitic fungi. These fungi are concentrated in the fungal family Cordycipitaceae and the order Tremellales. These data emphasize the complexity of diverse fungi of unknown ecological function within a leaf that might influence plant disease epidemics or lead to the development of species for biocontrol of fungal disease.
作物害虫与其天敌之间的相互作用是害虫防治的基础。尽管真菌病原体种类繁多且具有经济重要性，但相对于害虫的天敌而言，人们对作物真菌病原体的天敌了解甚少。目前，拉丁美洲的许多地区正在经历前所未有的咖啡锈病（咖啡驼孢锈菌）流行。鉴定咖啡锈病的天敌有助于制定管理策略或确定可用于生物防治的物种。在本研究中，我们通过对含有锈病病斑的叶盘（约28平方毫米）和无锈病病斑的对照叶盘的真菌rRNA基因条形码进行单分子DNA测序，对与咖啡锈病病斑相关的真菌群落进行了特征分析。叶盘群落中的真菌种类极为多样，每个对照叶盘多达69个操作分类单元（假定物种），而在感染锈病的叶盘中，多样性仅略有降低，多达63个假定物种。然而，地理位置对真菌群落的影响大于叶盘是否感染咖啡锈病。通过对照叶盘和感染锈病叶盘之间的比较以及分类标准，我们鉴定出15种假定的真菌寄生真菌。这些真菌集中在虫草科和银耳目。这些数据强调了叶片内具有未知生态功能的多种真菌的复杂性，这些真菌可能影响植物病害流行或导致开发用于真菌病害生物防治的物种。
