From the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
Anesthesiology. 2016 Jan;124(1):19-24. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000932.
Although early proponents for each of the four basic articles of operating room clothing--gowns, caps, masks, and gloves--can be identified, it is unclear from historical commentaries when each article achieved general acceptance and was consistently worn by surgeons and by anesthesia providers.
Historical photographs were identified from the Web sites of the National Library of Medicine, Google, and the archives of the Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology for the 11 decades 1860 to 1970. The presence or absence of each article of clothing was then determined for the surgical and anesthesia providers depicted.
Over 1,000 photographs were identified and examined. Photographs were then eliminated for repetition, lack of available dating, questionable dating, and poor quality. In 338 remaining photographs that met inclusion criteria, 640 surgical providers and 219 anesthesia providers were depicted and used in the analysis. Statistical definitions for historical terms general acceptance and routine use were proposed. The probability that a surgeon was wearing nonstreet clothes (gown) was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.22 to 0.93) in 1863. The years (95% lower bound to 95% upper bound) associated with a 0.5 probability for wearing cap, gloves, and mask were 1900 (1896 to 1904), 1907 (1903 to 1910), and 1916 (1913 to 1919), respectively. The years associated with a 0.5 probability that an anesthesia provider would be wearing nonstreet clothes (gown), cap, and mask were 1883 (1863 to 1889), 1905 (1900 to 1911), and 1932 (1929 to 1937), respectively.
Timelines for the adoption of each basic article of surgical attire by surgeons and anesthesia providers were determined by analysis of historical operating room photographs from 1863 to 1969.
尽管可以确定每个手术室基本服装——手术服、手术帽、口罩和手套——的早期支持者，但从历史评论中不清楚每个服装何时被普遍接受并被外科医生和麻醉师一致穿着。
从美国国家医学图书馆、谷歌和麻醉学伍德图书馆-博物馆的网站上确定了 1860 年至 1970 年的 11 个十年的历史照片。然后确定了所描绘的外科医生和麻醉师是否穿着每一件服装。
确定并检查了 1000 多张照片。然后，由于重复、缺乏可用日期、可疑日期和质量差而排除了照片。在符合纳入标准的 338 张剩余照片中，有 640 名外科医生和 219 名麻醉师被描绘并用于分析。提出了历史术语普遍接受和常规使用的统计定义。1863 年，外科医生穿非便服（手术服）的概率为 0.66（95%置信区间，0.22 至 0.93）。戴帽子、手套和口罩的概率为 0.5 的年份（95%下限至 95%上限）分别为 1900 年（1896 年至 1904 年）、1907 年（1903 年至 1910 年）和 1916 年（1913 年至 1919 年）。与麻醉师穿非便服（手术服）、手术帽和口罩的概率为 0.5 的年份分别为 1883 年（1863 年至 1889 年）、1905 年（1900 年至 1911 年）和 1932 年（1929 年至 1937 年）。
通过分析 1863 年至 1969 年的历史手术室照片，确定了外科医生和麻醉师采用每个基本手术服装的时间表。
