Bird Steve, Tafalla Carolina
Biomedical Unit, School of Science, University of Waikato, Waikato 3240, New Zealand.
Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar km. 8.1, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain.
Biology (Basel). 2015 Nov 11;4(4):756-84. doi: 10.3390/biology4040756.
Chemokines are a superfamily of cytokines that appeared about 650 million years ago, at the emergence of vertebrates, and are responsible for regulating cell migration under both inflammatory and physiological conditions. The first teleost chemokine gene was reported in rainbow trout in 1998. Since then, numerous chemokine genes have been identified in diverse fish species evidencing the great differences that exist among fish and mammalian chemokines, and within the different fish species, as a consequence of extensive intrachromosomal gene duplications and different infectious experiences. Subsequently, it has only been possible to establish clear homologies with mammalian chemokines in the case of some chemokines with well-conserved homeostatic roles, whereas the functionality of other chemokine genes will have to be independently addressed in each species. Despite this, functional studies have only been undertaken for a few of these chemokine genes. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of chemokine biology in teleost fish. We have mainly focused on those species for which more research efforts have been made in this subject, specially zebrafish (Danio rerio), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), outlining which genes have been identified thus far, highlighting the most important aspects of their expression regulation and addressing any known aspects of their biological role in immunity. Finally, we summarise what is known about the chemokine receptors in teleosts and provide some analysis using recently available data to help characterise them more clearly.
趋化因子是一类细胞因子超家族，大约在6.5亿年前脊椎动物出现时就已出现，负责在炎症和生理条件下调节细胞迁移。1998年在虹鳟鱼中报道了首个硬骨鱼趋化因子基因。从那时起，在多种鱼类中鉴定出了大量趋化因子基因，这证明了由于广泛的染色体内基因复制和不同的感染经历，鱼类趋化因子与哺乳动物趋化因子之间以及不同鱼类物种之间存在巨大差异。随后，只有一些具有保守稳态作用的趋化因子能够与哺乳动物趋化因子建立明确的同源关系，而其他趋化因子基因的功能则必须在每个物种中单独研究。尽管如此，目前仅对少数这些趋化因子基因进行了功能研究。在这篇综述中，我们描述了硬骨鱼趋化因子生物学的当前知识状态。我们主要关注了在该领域投入了更多研究精力的物种，特别是斑马鱼（Danio rerio）、虹鳟鱼（Oncorhynchus mykiss）和鲶鱼（Ictalurus punctatus），概述了迄今为止已鉴定出的基因，强调了它们表达调控的最重要方面，并探讨了它们在免疫中的生物学作用的任何已知方面。最后，我们总结了关于硬骨鱼趋化因子受体的已知信息，并利用最近可得的数据进行了一些分析，以更清楚地对它们进行表征。
