Veysset P, Lherm M, Roulenc M, Troquier C, Bébin D
INRA,UMR1213 Herbivores,63122 St-Genès-Champanelle,France Clermont Université,VetAgro Sup,UMR1213 Herbivores,BP 10448,63000 Clermont-Ferrand,France.
Animal. 2015 Dec;9(12):2050-9. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115002013.
Over the past 23 years (1990 to 2012), French beef cattle farms have expanded in size and increased labour productivity by over 60%, chiefly, though not exclusively, through capital intensification (labour-capital substitution) and simplifying herd feeding practices (more concentrates used). The technical efficiency of beef sector production systems, as measured by the ratio of the volume value (in constant euros) of farm output excluding aids to volume of intermediate consumption, has fallen by nearly 20% while income per worker has held stable thanks to subsidies and the labour productivity gains made. This aggregate technical efficiency of beef cattle systems is positively correlated to feed self-sufficiency, which is in turn negatively correlated to farm and herd size. While volume of farm output per hectare of agricultural area has not changed, forage feed self-sufficiency decreased by 6 percentage points. The continual increase in farm size and labour productivity has come at a cost of lower production-system efficiency - a loss of technical efficiency that 20 years of genetic, technical, technological and knowledge-driven progress has barely managed to offset.
在过去23年（1990年至2012年）中，法国肉牛养殖场规模扩大，劳动生产率提高了60%以上，主要（但不限于）通过资本集约化（劳动-资本替代）和简化牛群饲养方式（使用更多精饲料）来实现。肉牛部门生产系统的技术效率，以不含补贴的农场产出价值（按不变欧元计算）与中间消费量之比来衡量，下降了近20%，而由于补贴和劳动生产率提高，人均收入保持稳定。肉牛系统的这种总体技术效率与饲料自给自足呈正相关，而饲料自给自足又与农场和牛群规模呈负相关。虽然每公顷农业面积的农场产出量没有变化，但饲料自给率下降了6个百分点。农场规模和劳动生产率的持续提高是以生产系统效率降低为代价的——技术效率的损失，20年的遗传、技术、工艺和知识驱动的进步几乎无法抵消这一损失。
