1UMR SADAPT,INRA,AgroParisTech,Université Paris-Saclay,75005 Paris,France.
2AGIR,Université de Toulouse,INPT,INP-Purpan,INRA,Université de Toulouse,31320 Auzeville,France.
Animal. 2018 Aug;12(8):1652-1661. doi: 10.1017/S1751731117003123. Epub 2017 Dec 4.
Over the past 100 years, the French livestock sector has experienced significant intensification that has occurred in different ways across the country. Specifically, France has changed from a homogeneous state with most of the agricultural area covered by grasslands and a uniform distribution of animals, to a heterogeneous state characterised by an uneven distribution of grasslands, livestock numbers and livestock species. Studying the dynamics of this change is fundamental to the identification of drivers that shaped the various intensification trajectories and led to these different states, as well as to the prediction of future changes. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterise the trajectories undertaken by the French livestock sector to understand the intensification process and the role of socioeconomic, land use and production-related factors. A set of 10 indicators was employed to analyse the main changes between 1938 and 2010, using principal component analysis followed by a clustering of the 88 French departments. Between 1938 and 2010, significant increases in farm size, mechanisation, labour productivity and the stocking rates of monogastrics enabled the French livestock sector to double its production. The most important changes involved mechanisation (with the number of tractors per hectare (ha) rising from 0.0012 to 0.0053), labour productivity (improving from 8.6 to 35.9 ha/worker), livestock production (e.g. milk production increasing from 758 to 1856 l/ha of fodder area) and stocking rates (rising from 0.57 to 0.98 livestock units (LU) per ha). The increased heterogeneity apparent in the patterns of change throughout France's departments was captured by clustering four trajectories. Two trajectories were formed by departments that experienced strong specialisation towards livestock production, with one type mainly orientated towards high-intensive dairy, poultry and pig landless production systems, and a second type orientated towards extensive beef grazing production systems. Another trajectory corresponded to departments that specialised in crop production with high labour productivity; mixed crop-livestock systems were still maintained at the margins of this group of departments. The fourth trajectory corresponded to the lowest livestock population and productivity levels. The increase in mechanisation during the period was important but uniform, with no significant differences between the trajectories. This typology of intensification trajectories will enable the targeting of specific areas in which the detrimental impacts of livestock intensification require mitigation and provide guidance for future livestock sector developments.
在过去的 100 年里，法国的畜牧业经历了显著的集约化发展，这种发展在法国各地以不同的方式发生。具体来说，法国已经从一个以草地覆盖的大部分农业区和动物均匀分布为特征的同质国家，转变为以草地分布不均、牲畜数量和种类不均为特征的异质国家。研究这种变化的动态对于确定塑造各种集约化轨迹的驱动因素以及导致这些不同状态的因素以及预测未来的变化至关重要。因此，本研究的目的是描述法国畜牧业所经历的轨迹，以了解集约化过程以及社会经济、土地利用和生产相关因素的作用。使用主成分分析和 88 个法国部门的聚类，采用了一组 10 个指标来分析 1938 年至 2010 年之间的主要变化。1938 年至 2010 年间，农场规模、机械化、劳动生产率和单胃动物的饲养密度的显著增加使法国畜牧业的产量增加了一倍。最重要的变化涉及机械化（每公顷拖拉机数量从 0.0012 增加到 0.0053）、劳动生产率（从 8.6 提高到 35.9 公顷/工人）、畜牧业生产（例如，牛奶产量从 758 增加到 1856 升/公顷饲料面积）和饲养密度（从 0.57 增加到 0.98 个牲畜单位（LU）/公顷）。法国各部门变化模式的明显异质性通过聚类四个轨迹来捕捉。两个轨迹是由主要从事畜牧业生产的部门形成的，一种类型主要面向高集约化的奶牛、家禽和猪无地生产系统，另一种类型面向广泛的肉牛放牧生产系统。另一个轨迹对应于以高劳动生产率从事作物生产的部门；混合的作物-畜牧业系统仍在这个部门群体的边缘维持。第四个轨迹对应于最低的牲畜数量和生产力水平。这一时期机械化的增加很重要，但很均匀，各轨迹之间没有显著差异。这种集约化轨迹的类型学将使目标对准需要减轻畜牧业集约化不利影响的特定领域，并为未来畜牧业的发展提供指导。
