Ohimain Elijah Ige
Medical and Public Health Microbiology Research Unit, Biological Sciences Department, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Virus Res. 2016 Jan 4;211:174-85. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.021. Epub 2015 Oct 24.
Ebola virus is one of the most dangerous microorganisms in the world causing hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a zoonotic infection, which emerges and re-emerges in human populations. The 2014 outbreak was caused by the Zaire strain, which has a kill rate of up to 90%, though 40% was recorded in the current outbreak. The 2014 outbreak is larger than all 20 outbreaks that have occurred since 1976, when the virus was first discovered. It is the first time that the virus was sustained in urban centers and spread beyond Africa into Europe and USA. Thus far, over 22,000 cases have been reported with about 50% mortality in one year. There are currently no approved therapeutics and preventive vaccines against Ebola virus disease (EVD). Responding to the devastating effe1cts of the 2014 outbreak and the potential risk of global spread, has spurred research for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. This review is therefore aimed at presenting the progress of vaccine development. Results showed that conventional inactivated vaccines produced from EBOV by heat, formalin or gamma irradiation appear to be ineffective. However, novel vaccines production techniques have emerged leading to the production of candidate vaccines that have been demonstrated to be effective in preclinical trials using small animal and non-human primates (NHP) models. Some of the promising vaccines have undergone phase 1 clinical trials, which demonstrated their safety and immunogenicity. Many of the candidate vaccines are vector based such as Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Rabies Virus (RABV), Adenovirus (Ad), Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV). Other platforms include virus like particle (VLP), DNA and subunit vaccines.
埃博拉病毒是世界上最危险的微生物之一，可导致人类和非人类灵长类动物出现出血热。埃博拉病毒（EBOV）是一种人畜共患感染病，在人类群体中反复出现。2014年的疫情是由扎伊尔毒株引起的，其致死率高达90%，不过在此次疫情中记录的致死率为40%。2014年的疫情规模比自1976年该病毒首次被发现以来发生的所有20次疫情都要大。这是该病毒首次在城市中心持续传播，并蔓延至非洲以外的欧洲和美国。截至目前，已报告了超过22000例病例，一年内死亡率约为50%。目前尚无针对埃博拉病毒病（EVD）的获批治疗方法和预防性疫苗。应对2014年疫情的毁灭性影响以及全球传播的潜在风险，促使人们开展了治疗方法和疫苗研发方面的研究。因此，本综述旨在介绍疫苗研发的进展。结果表明，通过加热、福尔马林或伽马射线照射由埃博拉病毒制备的传统灭活疫苗似乎无效。然而，新的疫苗生产技术已经出现，导致生产出了在使用小动物和非人类灵长类动物（NHP）模型的临床前试验中已证明有效的候选疫苗。一些有前景的疫苗已经进入1期临床试验，证明了它们的安全性和免疫原性。许多候选疫苗是基于载体的，如水泡性口炎病毒（VSV）、狂犬病病毒（RABV）、腺病毒（Ad）、安卡拉痘苗病毒（MVA）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）、人副流感病毒3型（HPIV3）和委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒（VEEV）。其他平台包括病毒样颗粒（VLP）、DNA疫苗和亚单位疫苗。
