Carlin Angela, Murphy Marie H, Gallagher Alison M
Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine Campus, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.
Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK.
Sports Med. 2016 Apr;46(4):515-30. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0432-6.
Physical activity (PA) levels decline as children move into adolescence, with this decline more notable in girls. As a consequence, many young people are failing to meet current PA guidelines. Walking has been a cornerstone of PA promotion in adults and may provide an effective means of increasing PA levels among younger people.
Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of interventions aimed at promoting increased levels of walking among children and adolescents.
Eight electronic databases-CINAHL, Cochrane Library CENTRAL database, EMBASE, Medline OVID, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Knowledge-were searched from their inception up to January 2015 using predefined text terms: walking terms AND intervention terms AND population terms AND (physical activity OR exercise). Reference lists of published systematic reviews and original articles included in the review were also screened. Included studies were randomised and non-randomised controlled trials reporting a specific measure of walking levels (self-reported or objective) to assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting walking in children and adolescents (aged 5-18 years). Only full articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals were included. Risk of bias and behaviour change techniques of included studies were assessed.
Twelve studies were included in this review. The majority of studies assessed interventions delivered within an educational setting, with one study conducted within the family setting. Nine of the included studies reported significant increases in walking in intervention groups versus controls. Commonly employed behaviour change techniques within successful interventions included goals and planning, feedback and monitoring, social support and repetition and substitution.
Walking interventions, particularly those conducted in the school environment, have the potential to increase PA in children and adolescents. Conclusions on which interventions most effectively increased walking behaviours in this population were hindered by the limited number of identified interventions and the short duration of interventions evaluated. The short-term effectiveness of the majority of included studies on levels of walking in this population is promising and further research, particularly within non-educational settings and targeted at sub-groups (e.g. adolescent girls and overweight/obese children and adolescents), is warranted.
随着儿童步入青春期，其身体活动（PA）水平会下降，女孩的这种下降更为明显。因此，许多年轻人未能达到当前的PA指南要求。步行一直是促进成年人PA的基石，可能为提高年轻人的PA水平提供一种有效方法。
我们的目的是对旨在促进儿童和青少年增加步行量的干预措施进行系统评价。
检索了八个电子数据库——CINAHL、Cochrane图书馆CENTRAL数据库、EMBASE、Medline OVID、PsycINFO、Scopus、SPORTDiscus和Web of Knowledge，从其创建至2015年1月，使用预定义的文本术语：步行术语、干预术语、人群术语以及（身体活动或锻炼）。还筛选了已发表的系统评价和纳入本评价的原始文章的参考文献列表。纳入的研究为随机和非随机对照试验，报告了步行水平的特定测量方法（自我报告或客观测量），以评估旨在促进儿童和青少年（5至18岁）步行的干预措施的有效性。仅纳入在同行评审期刊上以英文发表的全文。评估了纳入研究的偏倚风险和行为改变技术。
本评价纳入了12项研究。大多数研究评估了在教育环境中实施的干预措施，有一项研究在家庭环境中进行。纳入研究中的9项报告干预组的步行量相对于对照组有显著增加。成功干预中常用的行为改变技术包括目标与计划、反馈与监测、社会支持以及重复与替代。
步行干预措施，尤其是在学校环境中实施的那些，有可能增加儿童和青少年的PA。由于已识别的干预措施数量有限且所评估的干预措施持续时间较短，阻碍了关于哪些干预措施能最有效地增加该人群步行行为的结论得出。大多数纳入研究对该人群步行水平的短期有效性是有前景的，有必要进行进一步研究，特别是在非教育环境中且针对亚组人群（如青春期女孩以及超重/肥胖儿童和青少年）的研究。
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