Etiologies and therapy of hypercalcemia.

This article covers considerations in the etiologies and therapy of hypercalcemia. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is discussed, with particular emphasis on primary hyperparathyroidism and the hypercalcemia of malignancy. Clinical features of hypercalcemia are also discussed. Therapy of hypercalcemia is considered from the point of view of principles and general and specific measures, with emphasis on a pathophysiologic rationale for therapy.