Woods David L, Wyma John M, Yund E W, Herron Timothy J
Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez CA, USA ; UC Davis Department of Neurology, Sacramento CA, USA ; Center for Neurosciences, University of California, Davis Davis, CA, USA ; UC Davis Center for Mind and Brain, Davis CA, USA.
Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez CA, USA.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Nov 24;9:595. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00595. eCollection 2015.
Choice reaction time (CRT), the time required to discriminate and respond appropriately to different stimuli, is a basic measure of attention and processing speed. Here, we describe the reliability and clinical sensitivity of a new CRT test that presents lateralized visual stimuli and adaptively adjusts stimulus onset asynchronies using a staircase procedure. Experiment 1 investigated the test-retest reliability in three test sessions performed at weekly intervals. Performance in the first test session was accurately predicted from age and computer-use regression functions obtained in a previously studied normative cohort. Central processing time (CentPT), the difference between the CRTs and simple reaction time latencies measured in a separate experiment, accounted for 55% of CRT latency and more than 85% of CRT latency variance. Performance improved significantly across the three test sessions. High intraclass correlation coefficients were seen for CRTs (0.90), CentPTs (0.87), and an omnibus performance measure (0.81) that combined CRT and minimal SOA z-scores. Experiment 2 investigated performance in the same participants when instructed to feign symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI): 87% produced abnormal omnibus z-scores. Simulated malingerers showed greater elevations in simple reaction times than CRTs, and hence reduced CentPTs. Latency-consistency z-scores, based on the difference between the CRTs obtained and those predicted based on CentPT latencies, discriminated malingering participants from controls with high sensitivity and specificity. Experiment 3 investigated CRT test performance in military veterans who had suffered combat-related TBI and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and revealed small but significant deficits in performance in the TBI population. The results indicate that the new CRT test shows high test-retest reliability, can assist in detecting participants performing with suboptimal effort, and is sensitive to the effects of TBI on the speed and accuracy of visual processing.
选择反应时（CRT）是辨别不同刺激并做出适当反应所需的时间，是注意力和处理速度的一项基本指标。在此，我们描述了一种新的CRT测试的可靠性和临床敏感性，该测试呈现侧向视觉刺激，并使用阶梯法自适应调整刺激起始异步时间。实验1研究了每周进行一次的三个测试阶段的重测可靠性。根据先前研究的正常队列中获得的年龄和计算机使用回归函数，准确预测了第一次测试阶段的表现。在另一个单独实验中测量的中央处理时间（CentPT），即CRT与简单反应时潜伏期之间的差异，占CRT潜伏期的55%，以及CRT潜伏期方差的85%以上。在三个测试阶段中，表现有显著提高。CRT（0.90）、CentPT（0.87）以及结合了CRT和最小刺激起始异步时间z分数的综合表现指标（0.81）的组内相关系数都很高。实验2研究了同一参与者在被指示伪装创伤性脑损伤（TBI）症状时的表现：87%的人产生了异常的综合z分数。模拟诈病者的简单反应时升高幅度大于CRT，因此CentPT降低。基于获得的CRT与根据CentPT潜伏期预测的CRT之间的差异的潜伏期一致性z分数，以高敏感性和特异性区分了诈病参与者与对照组。实验3研究了患有与战斗相关的TBI和创伤后应激障碍症状的退伍军人的CRT测试表现，结果显示TBI人群的表现存在虽小但显著的缺陷。结果表明，新的CRT测试显示出高重测可靠性，可以帮助检测努力程度欠佳的参与者，并且对TBI对视处理速度和准确性的影响敏感。
