van Hateren J H
Johann Bernouilli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 407, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands.
Biosemiotics. 2015;8(3):403-419. doi: 10.1007/s12304-015-9241-4. Epub 2015 May 27.
Biological organisms appear to have agency, goals, and meaningful behaviour. One possibility is that this is mere appearance, where such properties are not real, but only 'as if' consequences of the physiological structure of organisms. Another possibility is that these properties are real, as emerging from the organism's structure and from how the organism interacts with its environment. Here I will discuss a recent theory showing that the latter position is most likely correct, and argue that the theory is largely consistent with the basics of the field of biosemiotics. The theory can be represented as a triad that resembles the semiotic triad proposed by Peirce, which connects a sign with its object through a process of interpretation. In the theory presented, the sign is an internalized version of fitness (i.e., expected reproductive rate) which refers to the true fitness through a feedback loop that in effect produces interpretation. The feedback loop entangles deterministic and stochastic forms of causation in such a way that genuine agency, goal-directedness, and their associated meaning emerge. It produces a strong form of emergence not reducible to its constituents. The result is that novel phenomena arise that are real and necessary components for a complete understanding of living organisms.
生物有机体似乎具有能动性、目标和有意义的行为。一种可能性是,这仅仅是表象,即这些属性并非真实存在,而只是生物体生理结构的“仿佛”结果。另一种可能性是,这些属性是真实的,是从生物体的结构以及生物体与环境的相互作用方式中产生的。在此,我将讨论一种近期的理论,该理论表明后一种观点很可能是正确的,并论证该理论在很大程度上与生物符号学领域的基础相一致。该理论可以表示为一个三元组,类似于皮尔斯提出的符号学三元组,它通过解释过程将符号与其对象联系起来。在提出的理论中,符号是适应性(即预期繁殖率)的内化版本,它通过一个实际上产生解释的反馈回路指向真正的适应性。反馈回路以一种方式将确定性和随机性的因果形式纠缠在一起,从而产生真正的能动性、目标导向性及其相关意义。它产生了一种不可还原为其组成部分的强烈涌现形式。结果是出现了新的现象,这些现象是全面理解生物体的真实且必要的组成部分。