Torres-Duarte Cristina, Adeleye Adeyemi S, Pokhrel Suman, Mädler Lutz, Keller Arturo A, Cherr Gary N
a Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California , Davis , Bodega Bay, CA , USA .
b Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , USA .
Nanotoxicology. 2016 Aug;10(6):671-9. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1107145. Epub 2015 Dec 8.
Copper oxide nanomaterials (nano-CuOs) are widely used and can be inadvertently introduced into estuarine and marine environments. We analyzed the effects of different nano-CuOs (a synthesized and a less-pure commercial form), as well as ionic copper (CuSO4) on embryo development in the white sea urchin, a well-known marine model. After 96 h of development with both nano-CuO exposures, we did not detect significant oxidative damage to proteins but did detect decreases in total antioxidant capacity. We show that the physicochemical characteristics of the two nano-CuOs play an essential role in their toxicities. Both nano-CuOs were internalized by embryos and their differential dissolution was the most important toxicological parameter. The synthesized nano-CuO showed greater toxicity (EC50 = 450 ppb of copper) and had increased dissolution (2.5% by weight over 96 h) as compared with the less-pure commercial nano-CuO (EC50 = 5395 ppb of copper, 0.73% dissolution by weight over 96 h). Copper caused specific developmental abnormalities in sea urchin embryos including disruption of the aboral-oral axis as a result in changes to the redox environment caused by dissolution of internalized nano-CuO. Abnormal skeleton formation also occurred.
氧化铜纳米材料（纳米CuO）被广泛使用，可能会不经意间进入河口和海洋环境。我们分析了不同的纳米CuO（一种合成的和一种纯度较低的商业形式）以及离子铜（CuSO4）对著名的海洋模型——白海胆胚胎发育的影响。在两种纳米CuO暴露下发育96小时后，我们未检测到蛋白质有明显的氧化损伤，但确实检测到总抗氧化能力下降。我们表明，两种纳米CuO的物理化学特性在其毒性中起着至关重要的作用。两种纳米CuO都被胚胎内化，其不同的溶解是最重要的毒理学参数。与纯度较低的商业纳米CuO（铜的EC50 = 5395 ppb，96小时内重量溶解0.73%）相比，合成的纳米CuO表现出更大的毒性（铜的EC50 = 450 ppb）且溶解增加（96小时内重量增加2.5%）。铜导致海胆胚胎出现特定的发育异常，包括由于内化纳米CuO溶解导致的氧化还原环境变化而破坏口-反口轴。还出现了异常的骨骼形成。
