Cacabelos Ramón, Torrellas Clara, Fernández-Novoa Lucía, Aliev Gjumrakch
EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain 15165-Bergondo, Coruña, Spain.
Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(7):819-48. doi: 10.2174/1381612822666151209150954.
The neuroimmune system represents a dense network of biochemical signals associated with neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurohormones, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors synthesized in neurons, glial cells and immune cells, to maintain systemic homeostasis. Endogenous and/or exogenous, noxious stimuli in any tissue are captured by sensor cells to inform the brain; likewise, signals originating at the central nervous system (CNS) level are transmitted to peripheral immune effectors which react to central stimuli. This multidirectional information system makes it possible for the CNS to respond to peripheral damage and for alterations in brain function to be reflected in peripheral immune changes. Different CNS disorders, such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, migraine, epilepsy, vascular dementia, mental retardation, cerebrovascular encephalopathy, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, cranial nerve neuropathies, mental retardation and post-traumatic brain injury exhibit changes in CD3, CD4, CD7, HLA-DR, CD25, CD28, and CD56 immune markers. Histamine is an important pleiotropic factor in neuroimmune regulation. This biogenic amine shows age-and sex-dependent changes in the CNS, and is significantly altered, together with interleukin- 1β and TNF-α, in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders in which neuroinflammation appears to be an aggravating phenotype. Therapeutic intervention to halt progression of deleterious neuroinflammatory reactions in CNS disorders is a major challenge for molecular pharmacology in the future.
神经免疫系统是一个由生化信号构成的密集网络，这些信号与神经递质、神经肽、神经激素、细胞因子、趋化因子以及在神经元、神经胶质细胞和免疫细胞中合成的生长因子相关联，以维持全身的稳态。任何组织中的内源性和/或外源性有害刺激都会被感觉细胞捕获并传递给大脑；同样，源自中枢神经系统（CNS）层面的信号也会被传递给外周免疫效应器，后者会对中枢刺激做出反应。这种多向信息系统使得中枢神经系统能够对外周损伤做出反应，同时大脑功能的改变也能在外周免疫变化中得以体现。不同的中枢神经系统疾病，如焦虑症、抑郁症、精神病、中风、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、注意力缺陷多动障碍、偏头痛、癫痫、血管性痴呆、智力障碍、脑血管性脑病、多发性硬化症、脑肿瘤、颅神经病变、智力障碍以及创伤性脑损伤后，都会出现CD3、CD4、CD7、HLA - DR、CD25、CD28和CD56免疫标志物的变化。组胺是神经免疫调节中一种重要的多效性因子。这种生物胺在中枢神经系统中呈现出年龄和性别依赖性变化，并且在阿尔茨海默病和其他神经退行性疾病中与白细胞介素 - 1β和肿瘤坏死因子 - α一起发生显著改变，在这些疾病中神经炎症似乎是一种加重的表型。在中枢神经系统疾病中阻止有害神经炎症反应进展的治疗干预是未来分子药理学面临的一项重大挑战。
