Lyamin Oleg I, Lapierre Jennifer L, Kosenko Peter O, Kodama Tohru, Bhagwandin Adhil, Korneva Svetlana M, Peever John H, Mukhametov Lev M, Siegel Jerome M
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, Russia.
Sleep. 2016 Mar 1;39(3):625-36. doi: 10.5665/sleep.5540.
Our understanding of the role of neurotransmitters in the control of the electroencephalogram (EEG) has been entirely based on studies of animals with bilateral sleep. The study of animals with unihemispheric sleep presents the opportunity of separating the neurochemical substrates of waking and sleep EEG from the systemic, bilateral correlates of sleep and waking states.
The release of histamine (HI), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5HT) in cortical and subcortical areas (hypothalamus, thalamus and caudate nucleus) was measured in unrestrained northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) using in vivo microdialysis, in combination with, polygraphic recording of EEG, electrooculogram, and neck electromyogram.
The pattern of cortical and subcortical HI, NE, and 5HT release in fur seals is similar during bilaterally symmetrical states: highest in active waking, reduced in quiet waking and bilateral slow wave sleep, and lowest in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Cortical and subcortical HI, NE, and 5HT release in seals is highly elevated during certain waking stimuli and behaviors, such as being sprayed with water and feeding. However, in contrast to acetylcholine (ACh), which we have previously studied, the release of HI, NE, and 5HT during unihemispheric sleep is not lateralized in the fur seal.
Among the studied neurotransmitters most strongly implicated in waking control, only ACh release is asymmetric in unihemispheric sleep and waking, being greatly increased on the activated side of the brain.
A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 491.
我们对神经递质在脑电图（EEG）控制中的作用的理解完全基于对双侧睡眠动物的研究。对单侧半球睡眠动物的研究提供了一个机会，可将清醒和睡眠EEG的神经化学底物与睡眠和清醒状态的全身性、双侧相关性区分开来。
使用体内微透析技术，结合EEG、眼电图和颈部肌电图的多导记录，测量未受约束的北海狗（Callorhinus ursinus）皮质和皮质下区域（下丘脑、丘脑和尾状核）中组胺（HI）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）和5-羟色胺（5HT）的释放。
在双侧对称状态下，海狗皮质和皮质下HI、NE和5HT的释放模式相似：在主动清醒时最高，在安静清醒和双侧慢波睡眠时降低，在快速眼动（REM）睡眠时最低。在某些清醒刺激和行为（如被喷水和进食）期间，海狗皮质和皮质下HI、NE和5HT的释放会大幅升高。然而，与我们之前研究的乙酰胆碱（ACh）不同，在单侧半球睡眠期间，海狗体内HI、NE和5HT的释放没有出现单侧化。
在与清醒控制最密切相关的已研究神经递质中，只有ACh的释放在单侧半球睡眠和清醒时是不对称的，在大脑激活侧会大幅增加。
关于本文的一篇评论发表在本期第491页。
