Laborda Francisco, Bolea Eduardo, Cepriá Gemma, Gómez María T, Jiménez María S, Pérez-Arantegui Josefina, Castillo Juan R
Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
Anal Chim Acta. 2016 Jan 21;904:10-32. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.008. Epub 2015 Nov 24.
The increasing demand of analytical information related to inorganic engineered nanomaterials requires the adaptation of existing techniques and methods, or the development of new ones. The challenge for the analytical sciences has been to consider the nanoparticles as a new sort of analytes, involving both chemical (composition, mass and number concentration) and physical information (e.g. size, shape, aggregation). Moreover, information about the species derived from the nanoparticles themselves and their transformations must also be supplied. Whereas techniques commonly used for nanoparticle characterization, such as light scattering techniques, show serious limitations when applied to complex samples, other well-established techniques, like electron microscopy and atomic spectrometry, can provide useful information in most cases. Furthermore, separation techniques, including flow field flow fractionation, capillary electrophoresis and hydrodynamic chromatography, are moving to the nano domain, mostly hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as element specific detector. Emerging techniques based on the detection of single nanoparticles by using ICP-MS, but also coulometry, are in their way to gain a position. Chemical sensors selective to nanoparticles are in their early stages, but they are very promising considering their portability and simplicity. Although the field is in continuous evolution, at this moment it is moving from proofs-of-concept in simple matrices to methods dealing with matrices of higher complexity and relevant analyte concentrations. To achieve this goal, sample preparation methods are essential to manage such complex situations. Apart from size fractionation methods, matrix digestion, extraction and concentration methods capable of preserving the nature of the nanoparticles are being developed. This review presents and discusses the state-of-the-art analytical techniques and sample preparation methods suitable for dealing with complex samples. Single- and multi-method approaches applied to solve the nanometrological challenges posed by a variety of stakeholders are also presented.
对与无机工程纳米材料相关的分析信息的需求不断增加，这就需要对现有技术和方法进行调整，或者开发新的技术和方法。分析科学面临的挑战是将纳米颗粒视为一种新型分析物，涉及化学信息（组成、质量和数量浓度）和物理信息（如尺寸、形状、聚集情况）。此外，还必须提供有关纳米颗粒本身衍生的物种及其转化的信息。虽然常用于纳米颗粒表征的技术，如光散射技术，在应用于复杂样品时存在严重局限性，但其他成熟技术，如电子显微镜和原子光谱法，在大多数情况下可以提供有用信息。此外，分离技术，包括流场流分级、毛细管电泳和液相色谱，正在向纳米领域发展，大多与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用作为元素特异性检测器。基于使用电感耦合等离子体质谱检测单个纳米颗粒的新兴技术，以及库仑法，也正在崭露头角。对纳米颗粒具有选择性的化学传感器尚处于早期阶段，但考虑到其便携性和简易性，它们非常有前景。尽管该领域在不断发展，但目前正从简单基质中的概念验证转向处理更高复杂性和相关分析物浓度基质的方法。为实现这一目标，样品制备方法对于应对此类复杂情况至关重要。除了尺寸分级方法外，还在开发能够保持纳米颗粒性质的基质消解、萃取和浓缩方法。本综述介绍并讨论了适用于处理复杂样品的最新分析技术和样品制备方法。还介绍了用于解决各种利益相关者提出的纳米计量学挑战的单方法和多方法途径。
