Rizzi Matteo, Strandroth Johan, Holst Jan, Tingvall Claes
a Folksam Research , Stockholm , Sweden.
b Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Applied Mechanics , Gothenburg , Sweden.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2016 Aug 17;17(6):625-32. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1134794. Epub 2016 Jan 13.
This research investigated the following issue. Though several tests indicate that motorcycle ABS may increase motorcycle stability, thus reducing the risk of a sliding crash involving braking (i.e., the rider is separated from the motorcycle and slides along the road surface prior to collision), there is limited research showing to what extent sliding crashes are reduced by ABS in real-life conditions.
The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) and the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) carry out in-depth studies for all road fatalities. A total of 38 in-depth studies with ABS motorcycles were included: 22 in Sweden and 16 in Norway (2005-2014). These were compared with 98 cases in Sweden and 32 in Norway involving motorcycles of the same types but without ABS. The data sets were analyzed separately and also merged together. The difference between the proportions of sliding crashes regardless braking was analyzed; selective recruitment was handled with a sensitivity analysis. Induced exposure was used to calculate the reduction of all crashes and those involving braking.
Four ABS cases (11%) involved falling off the motorcycle prior to collision, and 35% of the non-ABS crashes were sliding (P =.004). The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable, with a relative difference of sliding crashes ranging between 65 and 78%. None of the 4 sliding crashes with ABS occurred during braking; that is, all ABS riders who braked prior to collision crashed in an upright position. In the 4 sliding cases with ABS, the riders lost control of their motorcycles: 2 while accelerating on asphalt with very poor friction, 1 while negotiating a curve with an excessive lean angle, and 1 by abruptly releasing the throttle in the middle of a curve. Although based on a limited number of cases, the distributions of sliding and upright collisions among crashes without braking were similar, thus suggesting that the crash posture would not be affected by ABS if no braking occurred. The calculations with induced exposure showed that upright crashes with braking were also reduced by ABS; all fatal crashes, regardless of braking, were reduced by 52%.
Though this research was based on a limited material, it confirmed that sliding fatal crashes are significantly decreased by ABS. Considering that ABS will soon be mandatory in the European Union on all new motorcycles with engine displacement over 125cc, these findings should be taken into account in the future design and testing of motorcycle-friendly road barriers and integrated protection systems.
本研究调查了以下问题。尽管多项测试表明摩托车防抱死制动系统（ABS）可能会提高摩托车的稳定性，从而降低涉及制动的滑倒碰撞风险（即骑手在碰撞前与摩托车分离并沿路面滑行），但在现实生活条件下，关于ABS能在多大程度上减少滑倒碰撞的研究有限。
瑞典交通管理局（STA）和挪威公共道路管理局（NPRA）对所有道路死亡事故进行深入研究。总共纳入了38项对配备ABS摩托车的深入研究：瑞典22项，挪威16项（2005 - 2014年）。将这些研究与瑞典的98例和挪威的32例涉及相同类型但未配备ABS摩托车的案例进行比较。对数据集分别进行分析，并将其合并在一起。分析了无论是否制动的滑倒碰撞比例之间的差异；通过敏感性分析处理选择性招募问题。使用诱导暴露来计算所有碰撞以及涉及制动的碰撞的减少情况。
4例配备ABS的案例（11%）在碰撞前涉及从摩托车上摔落，35%的未配备ABS的碰撞事故是滑倒（P = 0.004）。敏感性分析表明结果稳定，滑倒碰撞的相对差异在65%至78%之间。4例配备ABS的滑倒碰撞事故均未发生在制动期间；也就是说，所有在碰撞前制动的配备ABS的骑手都是直立碰撞。在4例配备ABS的滑倒案例中，骑手失去了对摩托车的控制：2例是在摩擦系数非常低的沥青路面上加速时，1例是在以过大倾斜角度转弯时，1例是在弯道中间突然松开油门时。尽管基于有限数量的案例，但在未制动的碰撞事故中，滑倒碰撞和直立碰撞的分布相似，因此表明如果没有制动，碰撞姿势不会受到ABS的影响。使用诱导暴露进行的计算表明，配备ABS也减少了制动时的直立碰撞；所有致命碰撞，无论是否制动，都减少了52%。
尽管本研究基于有限的材料，但证实了配备ABS可显著减少致命的滑倒碰撞。鉴于欧盟很快将对所有发动机排量超过125cc的新摩托车强制要求配备ABS，在未来摩托车友好型道路护栏和综合保护系统的设计和测试中应考虑这些发现。
