Freeman Hani D, Weiss Alexander, Ross Stephen R
Department of Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.
Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.
Dev Psychobiol. 2016 May;58(4):519-27. doi: 10.1002/dev.21395. Epub 2016 Jan 27.
Although much research has been conducted to understand personality development in humans, there remain substantial gaps in our understanding of these processes, particularly in relation to social influences. As such, investigations into personality development in our closest living relative, the chimpanzee, may provide useful insight. We evaluated the impact of early social exposure (to both humans and conspecifics) on personality development by studying 88 chimpanzees, including former pets and entertainers, living in accredited zoos and sanctuaries. During infancy, subjects varied in the amount of time spent with conspecifics compared with humans. Caregivers familiar with the chimpanzees rated them using a modified version of the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire (HPQ) and the ratings were found to have strong inter-rater reliability. We used the published structure of the HPQ to evaluate our results in relation to differences in early life experience. Chimpanzees who as infants spent less time with conspecifics were rated as lower in Extraversion later in life in comparison with chimpanzees who as infants spent more time with conspecifics. These results suggest that a broad range of social influences should be considered when evaluating the impact of early social environment on later personality expression.
尽管已经开展了大量研究来了解人类的个性发展，但我们对这些过程的理解仍存在很大差距，尤其是在社会影响方面。因此，对我们现存的近亲黑猩猩的个性发展进行研究，可能会提供有用的见解。我们通过研究88只生活在经认可的动物园和保护区的黑猩猩（包括以前的宠物和表演者），评估了早期社会接触（与人类和同种个体）对个性发展的影响。在婴儿期，与人类相比，受试黑猩猩与同种个体相处的时间各不相同。熟悉黑猩猩的饲养员使用改良版的类人猿个性问卷（HPQ）对它们进行评分，结果发现评分具有很强的评分者间信度。我们利用已发表的HPQ结构来评估我们关于早期生活经历差异的研究结果。与婴儿期与同种个体相处时间较多的黑猩猩相比，婴儿期与同种个体相处时间较少的黑猩猩在成年后被评为外向性较低。这些结果表明，在评估早期社会环境对后期个性表达的影响时，应考虑广泛的社会影响因素。
