Kramer Robin S S, Ward Robert
School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales.
Evol Psychol. 2012 Jun 22;10(2):320-37. doi: 10.1177/147470491201000210.
Humans (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can extract socially-relevant information from the static, non-expressive faces of conspecifics. In humans, the face is a valid signal of both personality and health. Recent evidence shows that, like humans, chimpanzee faces also contain personality information, and that humans can accurately judge aspects of chimpanzee personality relating to extraversion from the face alone (Kramer, King, and Ward, 2011). These findings suggest the hypothesis that humans and chimpanzees share a system of personality and facial morphology for signaling socially-relevant traits from the face. We sought to test this hypothesis using a new group of chimpanzees. In two studies, we found that chimpanzee faces contained health information, as well as information of characteristics relating to extraversion, emotional stability, and agreeableness, using average judgments from pairs of individual photographs. In a third study, information relating to extraversion and health was also present in composite images of individual chimpanzees. We therefore replicate and extend previous findings using a new group of chimpanzees and demonstrate two methods for minimizing the variability associated with individual photographs. Our findings support the hypothesis that chimpanzees and humans share a personality signaling system.
人类（智人）和黑猩猩（黑猩猩属）能够从同种个体静止、无表情的面部提取与社会相关的信息。在人类中，面部是个性和健康的有效信号。最近的证据表明，与人类一样，黑猩猩的面部也包含个性信息，而且人类仅通过面部就能准确判断黑猩猩与外向性相关的个性方面（克莱默、金和沃德，2011年）。这些发现提出了一个假设，即人类和黑猩猩共享一个个性和面部形态系统，用于从面部传达与社会相关的特征。我们试图用一组新的黑猩猩来检验这个假设。在两项研究中，我们发现黑猩猩的面部包含健康信息，以及与外向性、情绪稳定性和宜人性相关的特征信息，这是通过对成对的个体照片进行平均判断得出的。在第三项研究中，个体黑猩猩的合成图像中也存在与外向性和健康相关的信息。因此，我们使用一组新的黑猩猩复制并扩展了先前的发现，并展示了两种方法来最小化与个体照片相关的变异性。我们的发现支持了黑猩猩和人类共享个性信号系统的假设。
