Linden M, Weddigen J
Forschungsgruppe Psychosomatische Rehabilitation, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Hs II, E01, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Deutschland.
Nervenarzt. 2016 Nov;87(11):1175-1184. doi: 10.1007/s00115-015-0063-z.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is of great importance not only in children but also in adults; however, despite extensive research there are still many unsolved questions with respect to the diagnosis. Patients not only suffer from attention deficits and hyperactivity but also a variety of other problems, such as dyspraxia, problems with stimulus discrimination, dysgrammatism, legasthenia, or motor coordination problems. Furthermore, there are also psychopathological disorders, such as problems with memory, formal thinking, emotional modulation, drive and vegetative stability, in the sense of a psycho-organic syndrome. Such syndromes have long been known in psychiatry under terms, such as complex capacity disorders, minimal cerebral dysfunction (MCD), minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), mild psycho-organic syndrome, psycho-organic axis syndrome, mild cognitive impairment, developmental disorder and developmental biological syndrome. Etiological data with respect to genetics and early childhood brain trauma support the notion of a psychobiological disorder for complex cerebral dysfunction in the sense of a psycho-organic syndrome. Depending on the individual life and work situation, these additional symptoms of ADHD are in many cases of greater relevance for life adjustment than the core symptoms, depending on the individual life and work situations. The concept of minimal cerebral dysfunction describes the ADHD problem better and has a direct bearing on the diagnosis, therapy and sociomedical care of the patients.
注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)不仅在儿童中,而且在成人中都非常重要;然而,尽管进行了广泛的研究,但在诊断方面仍有许多未解决的问题。患者不仅患有注意力缺陷和多动,还存在各种其他问题,如失用症、刺激辨别问题、语法错误、朗读困难或运动协调问题。此外,还存在心理病理障碍,如记忆、形式思维、情绪调节、驱力和植物神经稳定性方面的问题,属于精神器质性综合征。这类综合征在精神病学中早已为人所知,如复杂能力障碍、轻度脑功能障碍(MCD)、轻微脑功能障碍(MBD)、轻度精神器质性综合征、精神器质性轴综合征、轻度认知障碍、发育障碍和发育生物学综合征。关于遗传学和儿童早期脑损伤的病因学数据支持了精神器质性综合征意义上复杂脑功能障碍的心理生物学障碍概念。根据个人的生活和工作情况,ADHD的这些附加症状在许多情况下对生活适应的相关性比核心症状更大,具体取决于个人的生活和工作情况。轻度脑功能障碍的概念能更好地描述ADHD问题,并且与患者的诊断、治疗和社会医疗护理直接相关。