Harth Nicole S, Regner Tobias
Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany.
Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
Int J Psychol. 2017 Dec;52 Suppl 1:18-25. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12257. Epub 2016 Feb 10.
This study investigated state anger and individual differences in negative reciprocity orientation as predictors of individuals' willingness to cooperate with strangers. In order to observe real behaviour, we used a trust game that was played over six periods. In the trust game, a first player (sender) determines how much of a certain endowment she/he wants to share with a second player (trustee), who then can give something back. We varied whether participants received feedback [feedback (yes, no)] about the trustee's behavioural decision (amount sent back). Supporting our hypotheses, the results suggest that feedback compared with no feedback about the trustee's behaviour increased anger. Specifically, information about low back transfers triggered anger and non-cooperation in return. Importantly, participants with a strong negative reciprocity orientation reported higher levels of anger and were less willing to cooperate with the trustee compared with those with low negative reciprocity orientation. Moreover, even when anger was low, individuals with a strong negative reciprocity orientation were less willing to cooperate compared with those with a low negative reciprocity orientation. Thus, negative reciprocity orientation seems to arouse a spiral of distrust. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
本研究调查了状态愤怒以及消极互惠取向中的个体差异，以此作为个体与陌生人合作意愿的预测因素。为了观察真实行为，我们使用了一个在六个阶段进行的信任博弈。在信任博弈中，第一个玩家（发送者）决定要与第二个玩家（受托人）分享多少特定禀赋，然后受托人可以回馈一些东西。我们改变了参与者是否收到关于受托人行为决策（返还金额）的反馈[反馈（是，否）]。结果支持了我们的假设，表明与没有收到关于受托人行为的反馈相比，收到反馈会增加愤怒情绪。具体而言，关于低额返还的信息引发了愤怒以及作为回报的不合作行为。重要的是，与消极互惠取向较低的参与者相比，消极互惠取向较强的参与者报告了更高程度的愤怒，并且更不愿意与受托人合作。此外，即使愤怒程度较低，消极互惠取向较强的个体与消极互惠取向较低的个体相比，也更不愿意合作。因此，消极互惠取向似乎引发了一种不信任的螺旋。我们讨论了这些发现的理论和实践意义。
